1.2 Modern methods and techniques for cutting hair page 8
1.3 Factors influencing the choice of haircut page 10
Page 12
2.1 Organization of the hairdresser's workplace page 12
2.2 Tools page 21
2.3 Accessories page 32
page 34
3.1 Hair wash page 34
3.2 Hair styling products page 38
Section 4. Safety precautions when working in a hairdressing salon page 41
4.1. Occupational health and safety page 41
4.2. Industrial safety instructions page 43
Section 5. Modern methods of performing individual operations
Conclusion
List of sources and literature
Introduction
The creation of the first women's haircuts is attributed to ancient Egyptian women, referring to the famous drawings on papyri, and to wall paintings in temples and tombs of the pharaohs. However, Egyptologists believe that bizarre hairstyles that resemble a bob are wigs. In ancient Egypt, not only men, but also women cut their hair short, escaping in this way from the heat and insects.
The founder of women's fashion for short haircuts is considered the inimitable and bold Coco Chanel, who was one of the first to introduce the shortest women's haircuts into fashion, imitating men in this and thus proving her independence to them. According to the stories, she simply singed part of her hair when she permed it, and therefore decided to get herself a short haircut. Soon, all the ladies picked up such a very strange fashion for those times. Also, during one of the fashion shows in 1908, all the models took to the catwalk with very short haircuts, which also gave impetus to this style of haircuts.
The XX century is an era of rapid changes, progress, flourishing culture, wars, the discovery of nuclear energy and the exploration of outer space. The first decade of our century was characterized by cataclysms in public life, a revolution in public opinion and, as a result, changes in fashion. In 1904, a permanent perm was invented in Germany - a long-term perm that could last for six months. Cinematography and the appearance of silent film actresses began to exert a great influence on fashion. In 1909, the first female short haircuts... It is known that the famous French hairdresser Antoine in 1909 offered to make a short haircut to his client, actress Eve Lavalier. The master for this bold idea was inspired by the image of the legendary Jeanne D "Ark. At that time, the actress Eva Lavalier had already crossed the 40-year mark, but continued to work actively in the theater, where she had to play the roles of young girls. As an experiment, the hairdresser made a spectacular short haircut. to visually rejuvenate the actress When World War I broke out, many women tended the wounded in hospitals. Short haircut confidently entered women's fashion. Short hair the girls have become the personification of change, a new life. The world famous haircut "square" owes its birth to the beginning of the 20th century. The main problem of all hairdressers was the individual selection of the optimal length and shape of the hairstyle for each type of the client's face, since the small length and clear cut lines were suitable only for clients with ideal classic facial features and emphasized all existing shortcomings. This problem was solved thanks to the invention in 1920 of the thinning scissors with cloves, which helped the craftsmen to thin hair, giving the haircut lightness and ease and at the same time smoothing out clear lines, giving the haircut splendor and volume. In the late 50s, French stylist, great master of hairdressing, Jacques Dessange decided to help women and put an end complex styling covered with a lot of varnish. At the heart of female hairstyle he saw an elaborate, elaborate haircut that would add volume to the hair. As conceived by the master, a woman should have a light, natural and even slightly careless hairstyle. In the 70s, the equally famous stylist Vidal Sessun developed a unique technology for precise geometric haircuts. At the heart of his work are perfectly executed haircuts, thanks to the graduation method polished to perfection. Such haircuts do not require complex and lengthy styling. Currently, short women's haircuts are still in fashion and have not caused fierce controversy and criticism for a long time. A haircut of a high quality by a professional hairdresser is not only fashionable, but also versatile and practical, which is especially important for a modern woman who leads an active lifestyle. One of the main requirements for short hair in the early 21st century is ease of styling. The possibility of different styling options for the same haircut is also appreciated. No less attention is paid to experiments with creative coloring, which makes the hairstyle more effective. The relevance of the topic of this thesis is that in the modern world of fashion every year short haircut is becoming more and more popular. In 2011, short haircuts are still very popular, gaining more and more fans around the world. With short haircuts, you can increasingly see both stars and ordinary people on the streets. In favor of such short hairstyles say such facts as their extraordinary sexuality and ease of care and styling. Plus, with a short haircut, you always look fashionable. The purpose of the thesis is to reflect the entire complex process of creating a short haircut, by disclosing such important issues as: characteristics of the technological process, organization of a workplace with a description of technological equipment, tools, devices used in work, a description of the means used in the production of materials and raw materials
for haircuts and materials and raw materials after a haircut, safety precautions when working in a hairdressing salon, modern methods of performing individual operations, and, finally, a scheme for performing one short haircut with a description of the work. The reference sources in writing this work were:
Section 1. Theoretical characteristic
1.1 General information about cutting hair
A haircut- this is a change in the length of the hair by means of cutting objects. This dry definition of a haircut is deeper, more creative and technically challenging. Nowadays, haircut is a whole art and science at the same time. Many factors influence the kind of haircut we want to see on our head. First of all, it is fashion. : cutting bangs, filing hair, creating asymmetric shapes, etc. The second factor is the structure of our hair.
The next, quite important factor is the shape of the face, the shape of the head, the structure and parameters of the body. All this plays a huge role in choosing a haircut. Many factors influence the kind of haircut we want to see on our head. First of all, it is fashion. We make any sacrifices for fashion: cutting bangs, filing hair, creating asymmetric shapes, etc. The second factor is the structure of our hair. The next, quite important factor is the shape of the face, the shape of the head, the structure and parameters of the body. All this plays a huge role in choosing a haircut. All haircuts are divided into: classic and creative . Classic haircuts are cut step by step, focusing on the previously trimmed strand. And the hair in this haircut flows smoothly into different lengths. Creative haircuts are cut using the technique of undivided zones. The hair on the head is divided into separate zones, the shape and size of which corresponds to the intended haircut and is cut independently of each other.
At first glance, creating the effect of clumsily trimmed hair. But (with the right approach), if the master knows all the technical nuances of such haircuts, then such haircuts look just great and very fashionable. And one more significant nuance in favor of creative haircuts is that they are haircuts - transformers. This means that, with different combing of hair, such a haircut can take on a different look: glamorous, casual, sporty, formal, etc.
But no matter what haircut you choose, the most important thing is that it matches your face, and only then be fashionable. Haircutting is one of the most difficult jobs in hairdressing. Indeed, it depends on how well it will be performed. appearance future hairstyle. When performing haircuts, the hairdresser must be able to apply various methods of hair treatment. Before doing a haircut, it is necessary to correctly divide the hair into strands with partings, which will determine the shape of the future haircut. Partings are horizontal, vertical, radial and beam. Horizontal partings are partings parallel to the floor plane. Vertical partings are partings directed perpendicular to the floor. Radial parting runs at an angle of 45 ° to vertical or horizontal parting and allows you to get the maximum increase in hair length when cutting. Beam partings are partings coming out of one point. All haircuts can be divided into contrasting and non-contrasting. Mostly haircuts are contrasting, i.e. These are haircuts in which the hair has different lengths on different parts of the head. With low-contrast haircuts, the hair is left the same length on different parts of the head.
Each type of haircut consists of separate technical operations. Depending on the specific model, when cutting, various methods and cutting techniques can be used, which we will consider below.
- Modern methods and techniques for performing hair cutting
Thinning methods with scissors:
1. Zigzag sawing method. The strand is pulled perpendicular to the head, the scissors are held vertically and cut off the required length of hair in a zigzag.
2. The injection method. The strand is pulled perpendicular to the head, point cuts of individual hairs are made with the ends of the scissors, creating an undercoat.
3. The plucking method. Can be performed with the ends of the scissors in a sliding motion both above and below the fingers.
4. Sliding cut. It is performed with thinning scissors, which glide smoothly through the hair.
5. Thinning on the twisted strand. A small strand is twisted with a flagellum and cut in several places with the ends of scissors.
6. Fleece method. The strand is perpendicular to the head, the open canvases of the scissors are inserted into it and a movement from top to bottom is performed.
Methods for thinning with a razor: 1. Scaling. The hair is divided into zones in accordance with the cutting lines, the razor is guided towards the ends of the hair in front of the comb. This method is performed if the hairstyle requires a more tight fit of the hair to the head (only on curly coarse hair). 2. Stupidity. The comb is positioned with the teeth upward and comb through the hair. The razor moves parallel to the comb in the opposite direction.
Slip. The hair is combed with a comb, the razor glides smoothly through the hair towards the ends. 3. The method of fleece. The strand is perpendicular to the head, the razor moves from the ends to the roots, imitating a fleece (flagellum). 4. Blunt cut with a razor. On the twisted strand, pull off small strands perpendicularly, twist them into a bundle, cut off the ends with a razor. 5. Thinning of the twisted strand by the "scraping" method. We separate the strand in the form of a square, twist it, pull it perpendicular to the head and cut it in the direction towards the ends with undercutting movements.
Hair treatment methods: Point cut - a point toothed cut from the ends of the hair to the middle (for thinning). Polishing is a point toothed cut from the middle of the strand to the ends.
Pointing - a sliding toothed cut from the middle of the hair to the ends (with straight scissors): - ponting - a toothed cut sliding from the ends of the hair to the middle to a dry (more obtuse angle); - pancreating - a sliding toothed cut from the ends of the hair to the middle to dry (possible on wet hair) (sharper). Slicing (clithing) - a sliding cut with straight scissors from the hair roots to its ends, the angle is 30-60 °. When styling the hair upwards, slicing is done from the outside and downwards from the inside.
Hair cutting techniques: Neo-minimalism - simple haircuts with straight scissors, without serrated cuts and thinning. A minimum of details and a simple shape (square). Geometrics - geometric shapes, details, hair cutting.
Corridors are not connecting parts. It is cut using the straight scissors method. Corridors are of different lengths, they can be located in parallel or in a checkerboard pattern. Non-connecting connected parts - not connected in the form, but connected in the image.
1.3 Factors influencing the choice of haircut A hairdresser must have experience and be aware of current fashion trends. Such high requirements are imposed on a specialist due to the fact that modern woman, as well as a modern man, when turning to a specialist, they often expect not an unquestioning fulfillment of these requirements, but advice, a creative approach to each client. And this is not surprising, because many factors influence the kind of person who wants to see their haircut. Of course, fashion first and foremost. An important factor influencing the choice of haircut is the structure of the hair. Thanks to such modern technologies as hair extensions, owners of rare hair can become the owners of an enviable "mane". In addition, for hair deprived of a luxurious structure today, various tricks are provided, knowing which, the master is able to achieve amazing results. Any haircut is the creation of an image, taking into account a huge number of factors and characteristics of each person and world trends in the fashion world, therefore, the master must simultaneously perform the functions of a stylist and a hairdresser, only then an ideal result is possible. The determining factors when choosing a haircut can be considered:
1. The shape of the head and face. Due to the fact that the shapes of the male head and the female head are different, haircuts are also different: angular lines prevail in men's haircuts, and rounded in women's. 2. Dimensions. Shoulder width, height, build, etc. 3. Border hair growth... In men, for example, the hairline on the neck is lower than in women, and the frontal notches are more pronounced. 4. Type and characteristics of hair growth. Most often, the difficulties of performing a haircut are observed on the crown, in the frontal and occipital parts of the head. 5. Hair density. Hair density is different in different areas of the head. There is usually less hair density behind the auricle, in the lower occipital area, as well as in the areas of the frontal notches and the crown. When choosing a haircut, this must be taken into account. 6. Forehead height. For example, a high forehead should be covered with bangs. 7. Profile. There are three types of profile: straight (ideal), which does not require correction; convex - with a protruding middle part (in this case, the volume of the hairstyle on the forehead must be increased); concave - with a protruding chin (in this case, a haircut with a small bang is necessary, i.e. it is not recommended to increase the volume of the hairstyle in the forehead area). 8. The width of the occiput. The triangular edging of the hair on the neck visually reduces the width of the back of the head, and the straight one increases it.
Section 2. Technological characteristics
2.1 Organization of the hairdresser's workplace The services that hairdressing salons provide today are very diverse. They are among the most demanded in everyday life and have the largest volume in the service market. Typically, hairdressing salons are located either in detached buildings, or on the first floors of residential buildings, consumer services factories, hostels, hotels, train stations, and large enterprises. Modern technologies, materials and means for care, dyeing, curling hair and creating hairstyles dictate the need for constant improvement and tracking of new products in the world of hairdressing. New equipment and fashion make adjustments in the technology of creating hairstyles (for example, hairstyles with artificial hair, hair extension technology, fashion for African braids). Today, the knowledge required for a hairdresser goes far beyond what can be learned from old textbooks. Special periodicals, seminars, competitions and refresher courses are an important condition for maintaining skill at the proper level. But we should not forget that the foundation, that is, the fundamental knowledge that can be obtained in specialized educational institutions under the guidance of experienced masters with teaching skills, cannot be replaced only by reading periodical literature. In order for the master hairdresser to correctly evaluate the client's hair and the result of his work, it is first of all necessary to resolve the issue with the lighting of the salon. Based on this, we can say that the main thing at this stage is the choice of the color of the walls and lighting. It is also necessary for the client to see that the master uses only specially sterilized instruments during maintenance, therefore, a sterilizer must be constantly connected in the immediate vicinity of the master and the client. The requirement for the premises.
1. In a hairdressing salon with up to three workplaces, there is no need for separate rooms for disassembling and temporary storage of used linen. 2. In hairdressing salons, separate pantries should be equipped with: ♦ racks and cabinets for storing clean linen; ♦ chests and dryers for storage and drying of used linen; ♦ racks and cabinets for storing perfumes. 3. For storing clean linen, it is allowed to install closed cabinets with a hygienic coating. 4. Dressing rooms intended for outdoor, personal and work clothes should be equipped with individual wardrobes for its separate storage. 5. The room for rest and eating should be equipped with a sink with hot and cold water, refrigerator, food warmer, and necessary furniture. 6. For the period of preventive repair of the hot water supply system, utility rooms should be equipped with electric heaters. 7.In the lobby or waiting room, it is allowed to install kiosks selling perfume and other cosmetic products; trade in consumer goods of other types is carried out only in agreement with the bodies of the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision of Russia. 8.Cosmetic and cosmetology procedures associated with a violation of the skin, should be carried out in separate rooms with hot and cold water supply. They should also be equipped with bactericidal lamps, dry-air and small-sized steam, sterilizers, closed containers for pre-sterilization cleaning and disinfection of the instrument, as well as for disinfection of various surfaces. In addition, these rooms must have a measuring container for the preparation of cleaning and disinfecting solutions. 9. Cut hair should be collected in closed containers, which are installed in a utility room, from where they should be taken out by special vehicles and disposed of. 10. In hairdressing salons there should be a toilet for visitors.
Heating and ventilation. All types of sanitary devices should be provided in hairdressing salons: water supply, sewerage, heating, ventilation, cold and hot water supply. Heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems must provide favorable microclimatic conditions and standard air composition in the premises of the hairdressing salon. The ventilation systems of hairdressing salons located on the ground floors of residential buildings should be arranged separately from the ventilation of these buildings. Ventilation emissions from the hairdressing salon should be carried out above the ridge of the building in which it is located. The ventilation system of a hairdressing salon can be general, with the exception of ancillary and sanitary premises. In hairdressing salons with up to three workplaces, it is allowed to use natural ventilation through the vents and transoms, and in the presence of a large number of workplaces, mechanical exhaust ventilation with an unlimited supply of running air is required. Scheduled preventive control of the operation of ventilation units should be carried out by specialized organizations at least once every three years. Indicators of temperature, relative humidity, air velocity in the premises of hairdressing salons must correspond to the values.
The difference in air temperature horizontally (from the outer walls to any point inside the room) should not exceed 2 ° C. The total bacterial contamination of the air should not exceed 4000 colonies / m 3 of bacteria and 50 colonies / m 3 of representatives of hemolytic coccal microflora. Bactericidal irradiators should be designed for continuous operation during the entire working time, while the ozone concentration in the air should not exceed 0.03 mg / m 3. The design of bactericidal irradiators should completely exclude the exposure of personnel and visitors. If the premises are equipped with an air conditioning system (ACS), a general inspection of the filters should be carried out at least once a month (check the condition of their surfaces, visually assess the contamination).
Lighting.
Lighting of hairdressing salons must comply with the current standards for natural and artificial lighting of industrial and public buildings. In all production and auxiliary areas of hairdressing salons, natural light should be used as much as possible. For general artificial lighting of industrial premises of hairdressing salons, both fluorescent lamps and incandescent lamps can be used. Taking into account the high demands on color differentiation in individual hairdressing jobs (eg painting), hairdressing salons must be equipped with lamps that ensure optimal color rendering. To exclude reflections from various surfaces that create visual discomfort, it is necessary to use closed-type ceiling lamps with solid diffusers. All workplaces should be provided with combined lighting: general and local. Illumination at workplaces, taking into account general and local lighting, should be at least 2000 lux.
Hygiene. In the premises of the hairdressing salon, thoroughly wet cleaning should be carried out daily before the start of work or after its end. In addition, routine cleaning must be carried out during the working day. Cleaning of hairdressing salons is carried out using detergents and disinfectant solutions. As necessary, but at least once a month, you should carry out a general cleaning and close the hairdresser on a "cleaning day". Hairdresser employees must strictly follow the rules of personal hygiene, always have a neat appearance and be in clean overalls. Before starting the service, the client must be covered with a peignoir, under which an individual napkin or towel must be placed. At the end of the shift, the negligee must be washed under running water using detergents. Visitors with changes in the skin (rash, spots, peeling, etc.), nails, hair are served in the hairdresser only upon presentation of a medical certificate that the disease is not contagious. Serving clients with head lice is strictly prohibited. Each master should have three sets of working tools.
To stop bleeding with cuts or abrasions, iodine or hydrogen peroxide solutions are used. Disinfection of the cut site is carried out with iodine tincture. For personal prevention of employees, it is necessary to have an anti-HIV first-aid kit, which should include the following means: 70-degree alcohol, iodine, dressings, potassium permanganate solution, distilled water, a container for diluting potassium permanganate. Removal of cut hair from the neck or face should be done only with clean cotton wool or a napkin. It is forbidden to use brushes for this purpose due to the lack of methods for their hygienic processing. After the end of the service of each visitor, the cut hair is collected with brushes in closed scoops directly from the chairs and folded into airtight containers. At the end of the working day, brushes should be washed under running water using detergents. Clips and curlers should be mechanically cleaned of hair and periodically washed with warm water and detergents during the shift. Hairnets and caps for perm must be washed after each use. The stock of linen should be in an amount that ensures its individual use for each visitor. The hairdressing salon should provide for separate storage of clean and used linen. In the hall, used laundry is collected in containers with tight-fitting lids. Instrument processing after each client should be carried out in open form in disinfection devices after preliminary rinsing them under running water. In case of one-sided irradiation, the instruments should be turned over to the other side after the expiry of the control processing time. The processed instrument should be stored in a special container.
Hairdresser equipment. Currently, there are many firms in Russia that are traditionally engaged in the design of hairdressing salons. Leading companies in this field from Germany, France, Italy and other countries pay great attention to the design of workplaces and equipment. However, whatever the design of the workplace, it traditionally consists of dressing table, mirrors, armchairs and footrests client. Depending on the interior of the salon, the workplace may also be located sink. The shape and size of the mirror may vary, but it should not be less than 60 x 100 cm. Dressing tables also come in different shapes. They can be fixed permanently, they can have additional mobile carts of various shapes, but in any case they must be equipped with drawers for storing tools. Moisture and hair should be easily removed from the covers of tables and trolleys, so they are most often made of plastic. A hairdressing chair must have a backrest, armrests and a headrest. A semi-soft chair should be covered with a material that does not absorb moisture and hair, have a hydraulic lift and rotate freely around its axis. Workplaces in the working room can be located anywhere, but the distance between them should not be less than 1 m. The workplace can be supplemented with a special mobile chair for the master, since many haircuts can be performed while sitting. The master's chair should not have armrests, it should be easy to move and have a device for adjusting the height. Currently, sinks are most often located in the work area, but separate from the workplace. They are equipped with a special chair, flexible hose and a special notch for easy washing of hair with the head tilted back.
Customer service rules. Before starting to serve visitors, it is necessary to carry out preparatory work. Before you invite a client, you need to clean the work area, wipe the dressing table and chair, put the dirty laundry in the utility room, sweep your hair, and wash the sink. Inviting the client to pass, the master stands to the right of the chair and turns it towards the client. During a conversation with a client, the foreman finds out what type of work (service) interests him, and, if necessary, can offer additional types of services. Further, the master must inform the client of the cost of the work. At the next stage, the master, in the presence of the client, washes his hands and disinfects the instruments. In the work, the master should have three sets of tools: he works with one, the second is disinfected, the third is sharpened or kept in stock. Then, to diagnose the hair, the master thoroughly combs it. In the process of combing, the master determines the type, quality, condition and direction of hair growth. If the master discovers any infectious disease of the skin or hair, he must, in a very correct manner, refuse to serve the client. Further, depending on the type of service required, the master must cover the client with hairdressing linen. The preparatory work most often ends with a hygienic hair wash. However, the type of main work can also determine the conduct of other preparatory work, for example, a test for skin sensitivity to chemicals, dilution of dyes, preparation of medicinal products, etc. There are usually four types of lingerie used in a hairdressing salon. : negligee, towels, napkins and cape. Peignoir is used for all types of work. Synthetic peignoir is used for haircuts, perms and hair treatments. Oilcloth negligee is used for hair coloring. The disposable polyethylene peignoir can be used for any type of work. A paper collar or disposable cotton napkin should be placed under synthetic and oilcloth peignoirs, as they are used throughout the entire work shift. Towels are only used when washing hair. One client is supposed to use two towels. Cotton napkins 75 x 40 cm are used for shaving the face and head, washing and cutting hair, as well as for fixing a perm. Synthetic drape is used for hair styling. Currently, when dyeing and cold styling hair, special collars made of thin rubber are used. After completing the main type of work, the foreman asks if the client is satisfied with everything, and, if not, corrects the shortcomings. Then he performs the necessary additional types of services (hair drying, styling, fixing with varnish, etc.), removes the hairdressing underwear and receives a payment for the services.
2.2 Tools In order to perform any type of hairdressing work, the master needs a wide variety of tools. Each operation requires "its own", that is, certain tools.
Combs
When cutting and styling your hair, you need to brush your hair to distribute it evenly. For this purpose, combs are used, the components of which are the backing and teeth. Combs vary in length, width and tooth frequency. Wide combs are used when working with wide strands of hair, small combs are used when working with small strands or when doing very short haircuts. The frequent spacing of the teeth causes a strong tension on the hair, which is not the case with the sparser spacing of the teeth. According to the material from which the combs are made, they are divided into metal, wood, bone and plastic. When combing wet hair, metal combs damage the outer scaly layer, causing the hair to become brittle, brittle and delaminate in two or more. Due to the fact that the master most often works with damp hair, the use of metal combs in hairdressing salons is strictly prohibited. Wooden combs are not harmful to hair, but they are not suitable for use in hairdressing salons. Bone combs are very expensive and most often come in the form of combs and various clips for decorative purposes. Plastic combs are the most common tool today. They differ in the quality of the plastic. All combs used for hairdressing must be made of high quality anti-static plastic, flexible and durable.
There are also rubber combs , very well sanded during processing and therefore hardly damaging the outer scaly layer of the hair. Their only drawback is fragility, i.e. they can break if pressed very hard. The frequent use of metal combs has an adverse effect on the hair structure, so they are used only in cases where an increase in temperature is inevitable. Non-metallic combs (ebonite, plastic) melt with increasing temperature and lose their original shape. Currently, combs made of silicone, which are particularly durable and safe, have found widespread use. The combs used in hairdressing are always smooth, do not slip in the hand, have pronounced angles, while ordinary combs slide in the hand, have an oval shape and magnetize the hair during the combing process. According to their purpose, all combs can be divided into four main types. 1. Combined - this is a comb, on the working surface of which there are frequent and rare teeth. It can be used to work in both the women's and men's gym. Small combs with a thinner back are more often used in the men's room. Combined comb - universal, used for combing, cutting, cold and hot styling, as well as for combing and dulling hair. 2. Comb with a uniform arrangement of teeth - on its working surface there are only frequent or only rare teeth. Such combs are used when combing hair and cutting hair in the women's room. 3. Comb with pointed handle - ponytail comb. It is used when winding hair on curlers and bobbins, i.e. where you need a clear division of hair into strands. This comb cannot be used when cutting hair. 4. Comb with an ordinary handle and a comb-fork - used for coloring and styling hair. The quality and correctness of a haircut largely depends on the ability to use hairdressing tools, to position them correctly. In hairdressing, there are five main and three auxiliary methods of holding a comb. You can hold the comb with both your right and left hand.
Basic methods 1. It is used for cold and hot styling. The comb is held by the edge with the right hand for cold styling and with the left hand for hot styling. In this case, the teeth of the comb are directed downward, the thumb and little finger are on the inside, and the index, middle and ring fingers are on the outside. 2. It is used for shading. The comb is in the left hand, its teeth are directed upwards, the thumb is on the back, the index finger is on the teeth. The rest of your fingers support the outside of the comb. 3. It is used for shading and combing hair. The comb is in the left hand, its teeth are directed downward, the thumb is on the inside of the comb, the index finger is on the outside. 4. It is used when combing and scissors but cutting time. The comb and scissors are in the right hand, the ring of scissors is put on the ring finger, the thumb presses the comb against the scissors, the teeth of the comb are directed towards the fingers. 5. It is used in between operations. The comb is in the left hand, the thumb is pressed against the edge of the comb, the teeth of the comb are directed towards the fingers. Auxiliary methods: 1. It is used when combing hair. The comb is in the right hand, its teeth are directed downward, the thumb is on the inside of the comb, the rest are on the outside. 2. It is used when curling hair. The comb is in the left hand, the little finger presses the comb to the palm, the teeth of the comb are directed to the fingers. 3. It is used when combing hair. The comb is in the right hand, the thumb presses the comb against the fist, the teeth of the comb are directed away from the master. Various hair brushes are used for combing, styling and massage. They can have bristle teeth, plastic or metal. It is preferable to use brushes with natural bristles teeth, as they are better for pulling hair during styling. There are two types of brushes: flat and round. Flat brushes are used for scalp massage and hair styling. The ends of the teeth of such brushes should have balls that serve to protect the scalp from scratches. With flat brushes during styling, the master lifts the hair at the roots to add volume to the hairstyle. Hairdrying with a flat brush is called "bombing". Round brushes , called "brushing", are used in styling to shape the ends of the hair. Hairdrying with a round brush is also called brushing. All rods must have a stiff bristle and a hollow base for free passage of air. The height of the teeth of the brush is not the same.
Safety rules when working with a comb: ♦ After working with each client, the comb must be disinfected in an ultraviolet irradiator or in a chloramine solution (at least 15 minutes). As it gets dirty, the comb should be washed with soapy water. ♦ Make sure that the teeth of the comb are not very sharp and free from burrs. ♦ Do not store the comb in the pocket of work clothes and leave it in the client's hair. ♦ When working with chemicals, do not use metal combs.
Scissors
The group of cutting tools includes simple and thinning scissors, a thinning knife, safety and dangerous razors, manual and electric machines. The scissors consist of three parts: two identical halves and a screw that holds them together. Each half of the scissors consists of a ring, a lever and a working blade. There are four types of hairdressing scissors: straight, thinning, flag and hot.
Straight scissors are intended for cutting hair, beard and mustache, as well as for thinning. They differ from ordinary (household) scissors in the quality of the steel from which they are made, in the angle of sharpening of the working blades, in the presence of sharp tips. Straight scissors can be with long, medium and short working blades. Scissors with a long working blade (blade length 6 cm) are most often used for haircuts in the men's room. Scissors with an average working blade (blade length 5.5 cm.) Are universal and are used in both men's and women's halls. And scissors with a short working blade (blade length 4.5 cm.) Are used for work only in the women's room, since the cut female hair more often done on the inside of the fingers.
Thinning scissors used for thinning and shading hair. They are of two types: unilateral and bilateral. Double-sided thinning scissors have teeth on two working blades, and one-sided - only on one blade. When using thinning scissors, the hair that falls between the teeth remains long, and the hair that falls on the teeth is cut off. Therefore, single-sided scissors cut more hair than double-sided scissors.
Flag scissors used for the simultaneous cutting and thinning of hair. One working blade of such scissors is either normal straight, or with fine teeth, like in thinning shears, or with two wide teeth, and a nozzle with a pattern is put on the second working blade. When cutting hair with such scissors, you can get: strands with thinning of the ends of the hair according to the pattern of the nozzle, many short and long strands with a pattern at the ends of the hair, as well as short strands with lengthening at the edges and a pattern at the ends of the hair.
Hot scissors- these are ordinary scissors, which are enclosed in a plastic case. On this building pass electrical conductors, which are attached to the scissors blade with special electrodes. From the scissors there are wiring to a stationary device with a control panel, with which the master selects the temperature for heating the cloths. Care must be taken not to burn yourself or burn the client. Also, do not work with wet hair. The superiority of such scissors is that the scales of healthy hair are tightly adhered to each other. When the hair is damaged, the scales open up. When cutting with ordinary scissors, a ragged cut is obtained. Hot scissors seal the hair section so that moisture does not escape from it. The hair does not dry out over time and therefore does not split at the end. The ends of the hair are voluminous, heavy-lying. During the cutting process, the hair does not stick to each other. With hot scissors, you can cut both before and after dyeing your hair. But it is better to trim after coloring.
Safety rules when working with scissors:♦ After serving each customer, the scissors must be disinfected in an ultraviolet irradiator or denatured alcohol. ♦ Store the scissors in a case in the top drawer of the dressing table.
♦ The scissors should be passed by holding them by the working blades, i.e. rings forward. ♦ Use scissors strictly for the intended purpose. ♦ If the scissors fall, do not try to catch them in order to avoid injury.
Shavers Distinguish dangerous and safe razors. Hard steel is used for their manufacture. For hair cutting and shaving use dangerous razor. There are two types of razors used in hairdressing: hazardous and thinning razors. Straight razors are designed for shaving your face and head, as well as for cutting and thinning your hair. Straight razors are classic and with a variable blade, the so-called razors. Depending on the shape of the working blade, there are razors with deep and shallow radius grooves. The deeper the radius groove, the thinner and sharper the razor blade. The safety razor used in hairdressing salons for cutting hair is very convenient to use. It is also called thinning razor. The thinning razor has a safety blade with teeth. The thinning razor got its name because it is convenient for thinning hair, that is, thinning a strand of hair towards the ends and creating a natural balance between long and short hair during the cutting process. Safety razors, like any other cutting tool for a hairdresser, require constant care and protection from moisture. Very interesting haircuts can be done with a thinning razor. When performing work, the shaver is in the right hand.
Safety rules when working with a shaver:♦ The shaver should be stored in a case in the top drawer of the vanity unit.
♦ The shaver should be handed over closed in a case. ♦ When shaving, make sure that the head of the razor is directed towards the protruding parts of your face and head. ♦ When shaving, you must be extremely careful, do not swing the razor and talk with the client. ♦ After servicing each client, the shaver must be disinfected in an ultraviolet irradiator or or soaked in a chloramine solution for at least 15 minutes. In addition, it is necessary to change the blade in the machine. ♦ After disinfection, the shaver must be wiped dry to prevent moisture from entering the case.
Styling & Curling Tools Styling - This is a change in the structure of the hair for a short time. There are two ways to style your hair: cold and hot. Cold the styling method may not suit everyone. Its essence lies in the fact that the hair is styled using a comb or when using curlers without thermal impact... For such styling, you need to have obedient hair. Hot the method of styling involves the use of additional tools such as a hair dryer, tongs, dryer, irons and hot rollers. With these accessories, which anyone can afford to buy, your hairstyle can take on any shape you want.
Curlers There are four types of hair curlers used in a hairdressing salon. 1. Metal curlers with a strap and an elastic band. These curlers allow you to get very cool curls, but they leave on the hair creases from the elastic, so they are used only for everyday styling.
2.Metal curlers without a strap with an elastic band or hairpin. With their help, they also get cool curls, but if they do not have an elastic band, then they do not leave creases. They are used for both everyday and evening styling. 3.Plastic curlers with spikes, or "hedgehogs". Provides soft curls like blow-dry. They are used for everyday, evening and model styling. Allows you to curl the hair with a brace to obtain a curl of different elasticity. 4. Modified curlers. These include: - Velcro curlers, which are held on the hair without clamps, elastic bands and hairpins and are used for everyday and evening styling; -metallic curlers with a wild boar bristle brush inside, designed to hold the hair; they fix curls and raise hair at the roots; - boomerang curlers (papillots) - flexible rubber curlers designed to perform fashionable modern hairstyles and perm.
Forceps There are two types of forceps: electrical tongs that do not require additional heating, and Marseille tongs requiring additional heating. Electric tongs are used only to create curls and differ in diameter. Currently, there are electric tongs of various shapes. The triangular prongs have a triangular clip to create sharp curls and keep the hair straight at the ends. The spiral forceps are equipped with a metal spiral that wraps around the barrel of the forceps and prevents the curls from tangling. The zigzag pliers produce well-defined curls with bent ends. Wavemaker pliers are similar to conventional pliers, but their heating plates are grooved to produce steep waves of a certain width. Straightening tongs with flat heating plates. Designed for making waves and curls, Marseille's tongs are more versatile. The working blades of the forceps are made of heat-consuming alloys that retain heat for a long time. Handles are made of heat-conducting alloys. Before starting work, a piece of paper is used to determine the heating temperature of the tongs, which is clamped between the working blades. If a clear trace remains on the paper, but its color has not changed, the tongs are ready for use, if the color of the paper under the working blades has changed, the tongs must be cooled.
Hair dryer Hair dryer used in hairdressing for styling hair must have a power of at least 1200 W (the most common power is 1600-1800 W) and two attachments: « nozzle» - a nozzle with a narrow slot for supplying a directed air stream and « diffuser» - an attachment for styling hair using your hands. A professional hair dryer is most often made in the form of a pistol, has a shock-resistant plastic case, several speeds and a supply of cold air is required to fix the styling. It should also have a dust-proof filter cover to prevent hair from getting inside the case. In addition, the hair dryer should have a long cord and a special ring to secure it to the workplace. When styling, the hair dryer is held either in the right or in the left hand, i.e. There is no specific way to hold the hair dryer.
Bobbins
Bobbins, designed for curling hair, there are two types: classic and modified. Classic bobbins are concave plastic rods, i.e. narrowed in the center and gradually widening towards the ends. As a result of using such bobbins, the curl is smaller at the ends of the hair and larger at the roots. Nowadays, straight classic bobbins have appeared, which have a wavy surface, which allows you to get a more natural curl. Classic bobbins also differ in diameter. The larger the diameter, the more voluminous and easier the curl is. Each diameter corresponds to a certain color of the bobbin. Modified bobbins allow you to get curls of various shapes. So, when using spiral bobbins, spiral curls are obtained, when using hairpin bobbins, corrugated ones. As a result of the use of flexible boomerang bobbins, voluminous curls are obtained.
Safety rules when working with tools for styling and curling hair:♦ Instruments must be disinfected regularly and, as they become dirty, washed in soapy water. ♦ The heating temperature of the tongs should be checked with a piece of paper. ♦ Pass the forceps by the handle. ♦ Before connecting the hair dryer to the network, it is necessary to check the integrity of the wires.
♦ Do not handle the hairdryer with wet hands. ♦ Do not store the hairdryer in the drawer of the dressing table. ♦ Do not disassemble the hair dryer yourself.
2.3 Accessories
Instruments - these are the tools of production, using which we can change the shape and condition of the hair, and accessories only contribute to the performance of certain operations with hair. The following accessories are used for hairdressing work: Peignoir- it should be large and cover all the client's clothes so that neither paint, nor hair, nor chemical composition gets on it in any way. Spray- for wetting hair when cutting and styling, as well as applying various lotions that add volume to the hairstyle. Bowls- for the preparation of dyes, fixer for perm and other hair care products. Brushes- for dilution and application of dyes and other preparations. Measuring cup- can be made of plastic or glass, preferably with a minimum section of 10 ml, but not more than 50 ml. Foil- Any food grade will do, but not very thick. Shaker- for mixing dyes. Sponges- for applying the chemical composition and fixing. Hair Tips- used for perm. Harness- it can be made of gauze or fabric that will absorb the curling compound well, or you can buy a ready-made one. Plastic clamps and metal- for dividing hair into zones and strands when cutting, styling, treating and coloring, there are two types: "crabs" and "ducks". Insulating cap used in perm and hair treatment. Mask used for fixing the styling. Also apply timer, special collars, beanies for highlighting hair, beakers, rubber gloves and much more.
Section 3. Materials and raw materials used before and after cutting
3.1 Hair washes
Shampoo is a liquid or pasty product for washing hair and scalp. Designed to remove fat, dead cells from hair and scalp. Requirements for shampoos: 1. Shampoo should cleanse the scalp and hair well, without degreasing them to the end and not causing irritation. 2. The shampoo should foam well. 3. Should be well distributed through the hair and wash off easily without leaving a residue. 4. After washing, the hair should comb well. 5. After drying, the hair should not become electrified. 6. A good shampoo should make your hair look healthy.
Shampoo composition: purified water (80-90% shampoo); surfactants (surfactants); functional additives: Conservatives; Thickeners; PH regulators. aesthetic additives: Dyes; Opacifiers; Fragrance; Supplements. Classification of shampoos: 1. Shampoos by appearance: Liquid - solution in water without a thickener. Not economical. Creamy - soft, provide extra care. Gel-like (jelly-like) - easy to apply to hair, easy to use. Concentrated - contain a large amount of surfactants (surfactants) and useful additives. Dilute with water before use. Dry - powdery mixture in aerosol. It is used when you cannot wet your head or are comfortable on the road. 2. Shampoos according to gender and age: Baby. They contain mild detergents, are hypoallergenic, do not irritate the scalp and mucous membranes of the eyes, do not contain dyes or preservatives. They have a neutral odor. Men's. Most often these are shampoos for frequent washing with the addition of conditioners. Family. Neutral. Contains a mild detergent substance. 3. By functional purpose: Shampoos for dry hair. They contain useful additives, restore moisture and oily hair, mild surfactants. Shampoos for oily hair. The high content of surfactants, the absence of nutritional supplements, contain antibacterial elements and plant extracts (nettle, burdock, cocoa beans, mint, etc.), which regulate the secretion of sebum. Shampoos for frequent use. Contains a mild surfactant, useful additives, moisturizers. Moisturizing shampoos. They contain proteins and moisturizing supplements (provitamin B5, extracts of seaweed, grape seeds, etc.). Shampoos for fine hair. Contains a keratin complex, proteins, herbal extracts, silicone additives. Deep cleaning shampoos. They are technical shampoos. The high content of surfactants removes all layers (residues of fixing agents, silicone layers) from the hair that interfere with chemical treatment and hair treatment. Shampoos for colored hair. Stabilizes the color of colored hair. Shampoos for curly hair. Contains mild surfactant, light conditioning additives. Healing shampoos(against dandruff, against hair loss, normalizing, for sensitive hair and scalp). Tinted shampoos. Contains coloring pigments to add color to the hair. Nutritious (strengthening). Contains mild surfactants, proteins, keratins, vitamins, herbal and fruit extracts. Shampoos 2 in 1. Create layers: the shampoo cleans, and the balm immediately closes the scales and creates a layer. Conditioner is a product used to improve the condition of hair, giving it shine and elasticity. Types: 1. Protein (washed off). Used to restore hair strength. They have a gel-like consistency. Protein creates an invisible film on the hair, which protects against harmful environmental influences. 2. Aerosol (not washable). Aligns the hair structure, removes electrostaticity. Protects hair from heat. 3. Conditioning creams. For dry and porous hair.
Rinse aid - a mixture of water with a mild acidic agent or ingredient, designed for specific purposes. Types: 1. Acidic - water and acidic composition is used to destroy the component of the shampoo on the hair and restore the pH balance 2. Coloring - for toning the hair. 3. Medical rinses - infusions, decoctions, etc. Balm is a remedy for hair structure. Consists of herbal medicinal substances that soften hair and restore structure. It is not recommended to use it often, as the ingredients make the hair heavier. Hair mask - a concentrated mixture of balm, designed for more intensive hair care. Masks are recommended to be used once a week and 1.5 weeks. Serum - products designed to improve the appearance of damaged hair, help protect hair, make it silky to the touch, make it shiny and soft. Serums are either rinse-off or rinse-off. Used in very small quantities.
3.2 Hair styling products
The oldest hair softeners used were vegetable oils, as well as briolin and brilliantin. These products had to be applied carefully so that they did not touch the scalp.
Then a new styling product based on gelling agents appears. It was a solution of a flaxseed mixture, which, when dried, formed a thin film, creating the effect of starching the hair. Types of hair styling products: 1. Hairspray (spray). It is an alcohol solution with the addition of oils, dyes and fragrances.
The base of varnishes is polymers and plasticizers.
The polymer substance completely covers the hair, dries instantly, creating a protective mesh. Brushing breaks down the polymer and removes it from the hair. Depending on the type of hairspray, you can get any degree of hair fixing: soft, strong, extra strong. Types of varnish: gaseous, liquid, tint (colored, with sparkles) 2. Mousse (foam). It is a solution of foam with suspended polymer particles. It is used to create volume on the hair and to fix curls. There are also medicinal mousses that contain plant extracts and proteins, do not contain alcohol and give easy hair care after washing. 3. Gel. It is a gelling agent based on natural gelling agents. The gel also has different degrees of fixation: soft, medium, strong, extra strong. Types of gels:. Liquid gel spray. It is used to create volume and shape. Does not stick hair together, allows you to apply the product in a targeted manner. It is used for styling with a hairdryer and on curlers. ... Gel wax. It is used to model individual strands of curls. It is recommended to rub between your palms and rub into hair, brushing to shape the hair and highlight individual strands with your fingers. ... Gel fixer. Gives hair a strong hold with the effect of wet hair. 4. Liquid for styling. Types: Spray for root volume; Spray for creating, shaping curls; Heat-protective spray: Heat-protective under the hair-dryer Heat-protective under the iron Heat-protective under the forceps Universal, etc. The composition includes soft resins that create a film on the hair that performs a protective function. Conditioning additives are also included to make hair shine and well-groomed. They do not weigh down the hair and do not create a messy effect. 4. Wax. Consist of natural wax and mineral oils. Serve for modeling strands, easily fix the hairstyle and give it structure. 5. Cream and lipstick. They are used to add shine, remove static electricity and fix the shape of the hairstyle. Helps fight split ends, removes the frizzy effect of hair, gives structure to the hairstyle, and protects from heat. Types: Cream for the formation of curls; Control cream for smooth hair; Thermal protective cream; Strand modeling cream; Cream for hair ends, etc.
Section 4. Safety precautions when working in hairdressing salons
4.1 Occupational health and safety
Due to the fact that the main provisions on labor protection are considered in health and safety instructions for a hairdresser
(approved by the RF Ministry of Labor on May 18, 2004), general provisions can be considered 1.1. On the basis of this instruction, an instruction on labor protection for a hairdresser is developed, taking into account the conditions of his work in a particular organization. 1.2. The hairdresser must comply with the organization's internal labor regulations, work schedule, work and rest schedule. 1.3. The following hazardous and harmful production factors can affect the hairdresser during work: moving parts of the power tool; increased air temperature due to the operation of heating devices, hair dryers, dryers, compressors, etc.; increased air mobility; increased voltage value in the electrical circuit; insufficient illumination of the working area; sharp edges of the cutting tool; tension in the hands and fingers; prolonged static physical overload ("standing" posture); chemical factors (chlorine, ozone, hair dust, synthetic detergents, thioglycolic acid, paraphenyldiamine (ursol), etc.). 1.4. In accordance with the current legislation, the hairdresser is provided with special clothing and other personal protective equipment provided for by the standard industry norms. 1.5. A hairdresser must notify his immediate supervisor about any situation that threatens the life and health of people, about every accident that occurs at work, about the deterioration of his health, including the manifestation of signs of an acute illness. 1.6. The hairdresser should: leave outer clothing, shoes, headwear, personal items in the dressing room; put on clean overalls before starting work; before and after the completion of customer service, after using the toilet, any contamination of hands and before eating, wash hands with soap and water, wipe dry with a clean towel for personal use; to take care of the skin of the hands using protective and emollient agents (cream, lotion), to trim nails in a timely manner, to clean the subungual spaces; avoid eating at the workplace.
The training and instruction of personnel includes: 1. Only persons who have passed the safety exam to the extent required for the safe performance of work are allowed to work in a hairdressing salon. 2. All employees of hairdressing salons must be instructed and trained in safety precautions: before entering work (introductory briefing), directly at the workplace, and then periodically at least once a year. 3. All newcomers to hairdressing must receive a written referral from the HR officer for safety briefings. After passing the briefing, a corresponding mark is made on the direction. A referral with a mark on the completion of the briefing is handed over to the personnel inspector for storage in the personal file of the person who has passed the introductory briefing. The passage of the induction briefing must be recorded in a special log kept by the person responsible for safety in the hairdressing salon. 4. Briefing on safety before starting work should consist of familiarization with the working environment in the hairdressing salon and the internal regulations; with the existing legislation on labor protection, safety regulations and industrial sanitation; with the necessary precautions and fire safety rules. 5. Induction briefing should only be carried out by persons responsible for safety in hairdressing salons. For briefing, a typical program and special visual aids should be used. 6. Directly at the workplace safety training should be given not only to those newly hired by the hairdresser, but also to persons transferred from other hairdressing salons. 7. Briefing at the workplace should be carried out by the head of the hairdresser's or the foreman immediately before the start of the work of the instructed person and only individually with him. 8. Instruction at the workplace includes familiarization with the duties of a hairdresser and with the requirements for the correct organization of his workplace; with the rules for the maintenance of electrical equipment and its hazardous areas; the purpose and rules for the use of tools and devices; with the rules of conduct in the event of dangerous moments in the work. 9. It is the responsibility of the head of the hairdressing salon or the foreman to familiarize the employee with the safety instructions for the relevant profession. The head of a hairdressing salon can allow an employee to start work only after he has firmly mastered the rules and regulations on safety.
10. After each briefing at the workplace, a corresponding entry must be made in a special journal kept by the head of the hairdressing salon. 11. In all cases of violation of safety instructions, the head of the hairdressing salon has the right to appoint an extraordinary re-instruction for any employee of the hairdressing salon.
4.2. Industrial safety regulations
In daily work, the master hairdresser must observe the following rules. When working with the razor, you should not be distracted and talk with the client. When changing blades (safety razors), the technician's hands must be completely dry. Work is being done on the table. Do not keep scissors, combs, or other sharp tools in the top pocket of your robe. When working with hot water (washing hair), it is necessary to monitor its temperature, especially after dyeing and curling, when the skin is defatted and irritated by the effects of chemicals. At the same time, the temperature of the consumed water is lower than usual (about 40 °). Hair trimming in the area of the auricle should be done carefully so as not to damage the client's ear. The pinna is saturated with blood vessels and bleeding is difficult to stop. When shaving your neck, care must be taken not to cut off common small warts, as this can also make bleeding difficult to stop. To stop bleeding with cuts, use a tincture of iodine or hydrogen peroxide. When refreshing your head with cologne or varnishing your hair, make sure that splashes do not get into your eyes. The foreman should be extremely careful to perform all work related to the use of perhydrol, avoiding the use of a concentration of more than 9% for oily scalp (the head is not washed for more than 2 - 3 days) and no more than 3 - 5% for non-fat skin (the head is washed for less than 2 days ago). It is forbidden to work with perhydrol without the use of measuring dishes (beakers). Special care must be taken when working with the lightening agent Blondaran-Supra, a highly effective agent. When working with him, you must not tie your head with plastic wrap. Hair strands should be separated by parting in order to allow the release of heat generated during the decomposition reaction of perhydrol. Do not use ammonia in lightening solutions in large doses, as this leads to scalp burns. It is necessary to follow the mandatory grounding of electrical appliances, and do not turn on electrical equipment with wet hands.
Section 5. Modern methods of performing individual operations
5.1 Haircut "Hat" The temporo-lateral zones with a height of 4-5 cm are separated. Each zone is divided longitudinally in half, the outer strand is combed out in the ear and is made in accordance with the client's desire either with an oblique or a model temple. A smooth vertical cut is made behind the ear. You can either open your ear completely or cover it halfway with a lock of hair. In any case, the outline of the temples should be clear. We comb the next strand of the temporo-lateral zone to the already trimmed one and cut along it. To make the temple fit well and look graceful, you need to profile it vertically. It would also be nice to profile the section of hair above and behind the ear. Further, the lower occipital zone is separated by a horizontal parting from ear to ear through the occipital protuberances. The hairs of the upper occipital area are twisted into a tourniquet and pinned. A vertical parting separates the strand on the left or right, it is clamped between the index and middle fingers and trimmed from the outside of the fingers. In the future, this will be the control strand. So, separating strand by strand with vertical parting, the entire lower occipital zone is trimmed under the control. Now the parietal zone is divided by a vertical parting in half - from the middle of the forehead to the frontal parietal part. It is combed out and the upper occipital area smoothly along the hair growth. The hair of these zones is cut with an even cut (round), the length is chosen at the same time to the upper edge or to the middle of the ear. To align the right and left sides of the parietal zone, you need to comb out the side hairs on the face and trim them. In order for the cutting lines to be smooth, you need to vertically profile the ends of the strands of the parietal and upper occipital zones, and also walk with thinning scissors along the already trimmed lower occipital zone. At the end, cut the bangs and profile them too. We surround the lower occipital zone evenly or by the "teeth" method, having decorated the "torn" strands on the neck.
5.2 "Kare" Haircut is performed with sharp hairdressing scissors with narrow blades (you can buy them in the store). Wet, thoroughly washed hair is combed forward and divided into two sections, each of which is secured with a hairdressing clip. Only the occipital strands remain free. They need to be cut to the required length by grasping between the middle and forefinger of the left hand and leveling with a comb. Each strand that you trim should be no more than 3-4 hairs thick, and no more than the length of your fingers. Having made the edging, we sequentially release thin strands from under the clamps on one side and on the other, separating the strands with the help of the sharp end of the comb, and cutting them, leveling them along the already cut strands, slightly lifting them together with the help of our fingers. When the entire back of the head has been trimmed, release the temporal sections of the hair and trim them using the same technique. The main thing here is the symmetry of the hair length on both sides. It is achieved by aligning the strands under the chin with an orientation to the middle of the face, if the haircut is long enough, or by straightening the strands in the upper part of the head (for this, the strands along the parting rise up perpendicular to the head and are aligned). After all the strands are aligned with each other on the temporal and occipital areas, you need to arrange a bang. The bangs are simply trimmed evenly with scissors, remembering that when it dries, it will become somewhat shorter. After that, if the "bob" is short enough and the hair is thick enough, you can give the haircut more volume. For this, the hair, starting from the back of the head, is grasped with the fingers in the direction of their growth and aligned along the entire circumference of the head, except for the bangs. This will formalize the hairstyle, give it additional splendor. To increase the volume, you can also trim some strands with thinning scissors, or simply draw obliquely along the strands with scissors with half-open blades. It hurts a little, but will give the same result as thinning. Try to cut as diligently as possible, checking the symmetry and evenness of each strand.
5.3 "Bob" The preparatory stage of the haircut is the same as for the "bob" haircut: the hair must be washed and combed evenly in different directions from the crown of the head. You should decide how long you want your hair to be, as the quality of the cut depends on it. As a rule, when cutting a "bob" hair on the crown is not longer than 15-18 cm. It is at this length that you should be guided. So, you need to start cutting from the crown, moving towards the bangs and trimming the strands of hair, focusing on the length of the occipital strand. To do this, grab each subsequent strand with a comb and add to the previous strand, holding it between the middle and forefinger of your left hand and slightly lifting it in order to cut it more conveniently. The hair cut will be clearly visible, it is on it that you will have to cut the next strand. Having thus formed the parietal zone, proceed to cutting the occipital and temporal zones. In order to cut the hair to the desired length, you will need to pull it back slightly so that the strands are perpendicular to the surface of the head. Straighten each successive strand in the same way as when cutting the parietal strands. When the main part of your hair is trimmed, all you have to do is define the outline of the haircut. This operation is usually meant to trim the temples and the back of the head. The temples can be made elongated so that their ends reach approximately the level of the tip of the nose, and the back of the head can either be cut straight or cut so that the hair falls in a corner around the neck.
5.4. "Garson" This haircut is a variation of the "bob" haircut, but with the only difference that the bangs, temples and the back of the head are processed with thinning scissors so that the hair seems to "come to naught", tightly adhering to the contours of the head. The main thing is to try to achieve the most accurate contours of the haircut, this is where the whole difficulty lies. Here, in fact, are all the main types of haircuts, and all the rest of the variety is achieved by a combination of these simple techniques. So, an asymmetric haircut is a combination of bob and bob haircuts, the same bob haircut can be long or very short, with or without bangs. A short bob is almost a "bob", and a "bob" with shoulder-length hair and a rounded side line that smoothly merges into the bottom edge is a classic "sessun", but a short "sessun" with thick bangs is already a haircut "Page" (like the singer Mireille Mathieu). So, your haircut is perfect for you - it suits you and meets the latest fashion trends. A good haircut, however, is just the foundation of a hairstyle. You also need to know how to style your hair properly, because it is rather difficult to go to a hairdresser for every reason. By the way, the ability to do hairstyles Russian ladies have always favorably differed from their foreign friends, who, without the help of a hairdresser, cannot cope with their hair. Traditionally, hairstyles are divided not only by the type and length of the hair, but also by their purpose - festive and everyday. Casual hairstyles are easy to follow, simple in shape, and created with minimal use of accessories and styling products. It is easy to make them yourself at home, in a fairly short time, without resorting to outside help. Holiday hairstyles are distinguished by a special care of execution, they are very beautiful, they cannot be done without using strong styling products. Formal hairstyles are performed using special professional skills, so the hand of a professional is often needed here. However, in recent times everything is so mixed up that today a woman may well flaunt with a work of art on her head on a working day and appear at a social event simply with her hair loose - this will not surprise anyone. Therefore, there are no strict criteria, and you can choose the hairstyle with which you will feel confident in any situation. Hairstyles are also categorized by style. You need to be very careful when choosing a hairstyle - it must match your clothes, otherwise your image will be destroyed.
7 stages of haircut
1. Division into zones.
2. Head position (straight and forward tilted)
3. Partings
4. Distribution of hair: Natural fall is the fall of hair under the influence of gravity, Perpendicular distribution is usually considered to be 90 degrees, Distribution with offset, Directional distribution.
5. Projection angle
6. Position of the fingers (parallel or not parallel to the head)
7. Design line - control strand. It is mobile and motionless. Stationary - all strands are pulled up to one, standing motionless. Movable - each trimmed strand is a control for the next.
Basic forms of haircuts
Solid
Progressive
Graded
Uniform
Combined
The solid form has a blue color index. Form of one length, full. The length of the hair increases from the outer zone to the inner zone. With a natural fall, the ends of the hair will be at the same length. The solid form has maximum weight. The hair texture is inactive, the contour follows the shape of the head.
In 7 stages
Classic zones (parietal zone, 2 lateral temporomandibular, 2 lateral occipital), the exception is a client with a side parting.
Head position straight
Horizontal and diagonal partings
Hair distribution: natural fall
0 degree projection
The position of the fingers is parallel to the parting.
Fixed design line
There are 3 degrees graduations 1. Small up to 20 degrees; 2. Average up to 45 degrees; 3. High up to 87 degrees.
there are several types graduations 1) increasing (increases from the face) 2) decreases (decreases from the face)
in 7 stages
The weight of the graduated form passes in the place where the most long hair... This line is called the Cumbrera line and separates the two textures. To soften the weight area in a graduated shape, count along the vertical partings.
The progressive form has a red color index. The form has a sharp increase or decrease in the length of the hair in the outer or inner zone.
In 7 stages
Ear to ear or center part
Head position straight or tilted
Partings: horizontal, vertical, diagonal
Projection angle from 0 - 90 degrees
Hair distribution perpendicular
Finger position: parallel and not parallel to the parting.
Fixed or combined design line
In a progressive form, each parting can be adapted to its own projection angle. If the haircut is done with horizontal parting, then the projection angle is 90. Vertical 0. Diagonal 45. If you stand in front of the cutting zone, it will be easier for you to keep a fixed line of the design. 
The uniform shape is color coded green. The length of the hair is the same over the entire surface of the head, the texture is active, the outline is round
In 7 stages
Zones: from ear to ear, through the highest point of the head, from the same point with pivot partings.
Head position straight
Horizontal, vertical, pivotal.
Hair distribution: perpendicular
The projection angle is always 90 degrees
Fingers always follow the shape of the head
Design line movable
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Arched technique is a razor cutting technique in which the movement of the hand holding the razor follows the shape of the arch. Biselling is the effect of a haircut when the claws are folded up or down along the shape line. Spatial axis is a two-dimensional symbolic image used to describe lines, directions, projection angles. Clipping technique: clipper on top of the comb - the comb controls the length of the strands during the clipping process. Scissors can be used instead of a typewriter. Reverse haircut is the main technique for progressive haircuts. Cross-check is the last stage of a haircut, in which the accuracy of the haircut is checked using the lines opposite to the selected parting. Technique free hands - technique haircuts, in which control is carried out only with the eyes and hand. Multiple Design Line - Two or more fixed design lines. Hair reduction- a smooth change in the length of the hair from the shortest to the longest. Strand-by-strand haircut method. Using the strand-by-strand haircut method, the control strand is determined, the next strands are combed off and superimposed on the control strand, cut at the level of its length. Strand-by-strand cutting method. This way precise haircuts is similar to the method of cutting by superimposing a strand on a strand. The difference is that the hair strands are separated by vertical parting. The length of the trimmed hair is controlled in two ways: the previously trimmed strand of hair is determined as a control for the next one (Fig. 8 a); each next strand of hair is cut, focusing on the first - control (Fig. 8 b). Milling- thinning of hair, is performed depending on the idea of the hairstyle on the entire mass of hair or in certain areas. Graduation- cutting hair at a certain angle, makes it possible to regulate the density and volume of hair, visually increase it thanks to the techniques of cutting strands with pulling the latter at different angles. Grinding- removal of damaged hair ends. Performed on dry hair. Smoky passage- used in men's haircuts it is a smooth transition of a smooth surface. The form A hairstyle consists of 3 elements: shape, texture and color. The form it is a three-dimensional image of a hairstyle that is characterized by height, width and depth. Circuit- a two-dimensional image of a volumetric form consisting of length and width. The outline is called a silhouette Texture- the quality of the hair surface (visual perception). The texture can be active, inactive and combined. Active is when the ends of the hair stick out or are at different levels. Inactive texture - only the top layer of the hair is visible. But there are haircuts where we find a combination of textures. The line that separates the 2 textures is called the Cumbre Line. |
Women's haircut "Classic square"
Introduction
Chapter I. Haircut
1General information about hair cutting
1.2Basic hair cutting operations
3Factors influencing the choice of haircut
Chapter II. Hair cutting technology "Classic square"
1 Tools and accessories for performing a haircut
2 Technology of performing haircuts "Classic square"
3 Occupational safety rules when performing a haircut
Conclusion
Bibliography
Application
Introduction
Relevance of the chosen topic: this topic is relevant, since modern haircuts are a way to declare yourself to the world. New trends dictate their own rules in fashion. For example, in modern haircuts, not only beauty is appreciated, but also an emphasis on individuality. Modern haircuts are suitable for different face types. Still, the owners of the best haircuts will be rewarded with the fact that their faces have the correct shape. The most fashionable modern haircuts, but at the same time not suitable for you in style or by the type of face, can spoil your mood for a long time. And at the same time, experiments with appearance can be forgotten for a long time due to fear of future problems.
Target research work: to develop a technological process for the "Classic square" haircut.
· To develop a technology for performing haircuts "Classic square"; · To study the tools and devices for performing the "Classic bob" haircut The object of the research: in this research work is the technological process of the "Classic square" haircut. Subject of research: the technological process of the "Classic square" haircut. Chapter I. Haircut
1.1 General information about cutting hair
Haircutting is one of the most difficult jobs in hairdressing. Indeed, the appearance of the future hairstyle depends on how well it will be performed. When performing haircuts, the hairdresser must be able to apply various methods of hair treatment. Before doing a haircut, it is necessary to correctly divide the hair into strands with partings, which will determine the shape of the future haircut. Partings are horizontal, vertical, radial and beam. Horizontal partings are partings parallel to the floor plane. Vertical partings are partings directed perpendicular to the floor. Radial parting runs at an angle of 45 ° to vertical or horizontal parting and allows you to get the maximum increase in hair length when cutting. Beam partings are partings coming out of one point. All haircuts can be divided into contrasting and non-contrasting. Mostly haircuts are contrasting, i.e. These are haircuts in which the hair has different lengths on different parts of the head. With low-contrast haircuts, the hair is left the same length on different parts of the head. Each type of haircut consists of separate technical operations. 1.2 Basic hair cutting operations
Strand by strand. When performing a haircut "strand by strand", the hair is shortened to the same length, both on the entire head and in different parts of it. When performing a haircut, the hairdresser should stand behind the client's back. First, the hair is combed according to its natural growth, then with a comb they grab a strand on the edge hairline of the parietal zone, clamp it between the middle and forefinger of the left hand and, pulling it perpendicular to the edge hairline, cut it to the desired length. This strand will be the control one when cutting subsequent strands, i.e. all other hair of the parietal zone is pulled strictly perpendicular to the head and cut off, guided by this strand. Then they start cutting the temporomandibular zones. In this case, the first strand is cut off, pulling perpendicular to the edge line of hair growth, and all subsequent ones are pulled perpendicular to the head. Thus, all hair is cut to the middle of the occipital zone, first on one side, and then on the other. Moreover, when cutting the left temporo-lateral zone, the master must face the client. For convenience, the hair of the lower occipital zone is sheared, combing it from the bottom up, but pulled at the same time strictly perpendicularly. Shading is an operation to obtain a smooth transition from short to long hair. This operation is similar to nullifying the hair, but requires more careful execution. Even the slightest violation of the smooth transition from long hair to short will lead to the fact that in some areas there will be characteristic steps, which indicate poor shading performance. The latter is performed with simple scissors, the thin ends of which make it possible to perform the operation very accurately. When shading with scissors, the master holds a comb in his left hand, with which he systematically comb out the hair in the direction of the planned hairstyle, in his right hand there are scissors. After combing out the next strand of hair, the ends of which are cut off at an obtuse angle, the next strand is combed out. Thus, the master goes from short hair (at the base of the neck) to long (at the crown). The scissors are in motion all the time. The greater the transition from short hair to long hair, the more impressive it looks, but also the more difficult it is to perform. Hair thinning. Thinning is thinning hair. The essence of the technique is to cut individual strands at different heights. Thinning can solve different problems. It is not only necessary when creating a certain silhouette of a haircut (modeling), but also helps to preserve the hairstyle, and also gives the haircut a natural look. Thinning is performed at the roots, at the ends of the hair and at different heights of the strands. Increase the volume of the hairstyle. To increase the volume of hairstyles, root thinning is done. It is performed by plucking the hair of the parietal and superior occipital zones. To perform the technique, comb out a strand with a comb with rare teeth, raise the strand up and after 0.5-1 cm pluck out individual thin strands with the tips of scissors (after 1-2 interdental intervals). The length of the strand is 2-4 cm, depending on the length of the haircut. Thinning the ends of the hair. Milling the ends of the hair is recommended in almost all haircuts - this gives the hairstyle a natural look. Thinning the ends of the hair can be done with straight scissors, thinning scissors, straight or thinning razor. Hair is cut with both straight and oblique cuts. Nowadays, thinning, performed by the technique of pointing, as well as slicing, is becoming more and more popular. To perform the technique, take strands 1.5-2 cm thick and 3-5 cm long and work with thinning scissors. They are closed at a distance of about 2 cm from the ends of the hair of the strand. This operation is done several times, depending on the thickness of the hair. Thinning with straight scissors. Some skill is required to perform this technique. Pull back a section of hair. Open the scissors and bring them to about the middle of the strand. Pull the working blades of the scissors together slightly and at the same time quickly push them towards the ends of the hair. Do not under any circumstances close the scissors, otherwise you will cut off the strand. Thinning hair with a thinning razor. There is a special thinning tool. It is very simple to work for them. The razor is led along the raised strand from the roots or from the middle of the strand (depending on the thickness of the hair) to the ends of the hair. The razor should be kept almost parallel to the strand. Repeat the movement 4-5 times. Thinning hair with a straight razor. This technique significantly improves the quality of the haircut. With its help, you can increase the volume of the hairstyle, especially in the region of the crown and back of the head, even with thin hair. Hair thinning with a razor is done only on wet hair. With one hand, grasp a section of hair and pull it to the desired angle. The thicker the hair, the closer to the roots you can start thinning. At the beginning of the technique, press the razor blade flat against your hair. As you bring the razor back to the intended hair cut, increase the angle of the razor. Repeat the movement 2-3 times, if you need a lot of splendor - 3-5 times. Long hair thinning. To thin out long hair, comb off the strand using the same methods, only from the side of the palm, remove the hair. The depth of thinning can be different depending on the purpose. It usually ranges from 2 cm to 1/3 of the length of the strand. Filming in ponting technique. In modern haircuts, masters try to use techniques that allow not only to create an original shape, but also make the subsequent care of the hairstyle as simple as possible. One of these techniques is ponting - a haircut performed by the ponting technique. Thanks to the oblique cut and teeth, the hair lies perfectly, and after washing it is sometimes enough to dry it slightly with a hairdryer - and the hairstyle takes on its original appearance. Hair cutting by the method of hair reduction "to nil". There are two ways to nullify hair. .Without using a comb. In this case, the master introduces the machine into the hair at the edge line of their growth, and then gradually increases the angle of inclination, moving it up to the crown. The smoothness of the transition depends on the angle of inclination of the machine. .Haircut using a comb. The master introduces a comb on the edge line of their growth and cuts off the hair that is on the plane of the comb with a machine. The smoothness of the transition depends on the angle of inclination of the comb. After completing the flattening of the hair, shading is performed. The method of hair reduction "to naught" is applied on the temporo-lateral and occipital zones and is performed with a typewriter or razor. Graduation. haircut hair bob thinning Graduation is a blunt cut of hair from the inside of the fingers, in which each subsequent strand is shorter or longer than the previous one. .Internal - each subsequent strand turns out to be longer than the previous one and the hair seems to be twisted inward. .Outer - each subsequent strand is shorter than the previous one. When performing the graduation, first a strand is allocated to the horizontal partings, then a border is made on it. The hair of the next strand is cut from the inside of the fingers 1-2 mm shorter or longer than the previous one. With external graduation, the guy angle is gradually increased. Edging at the temples. Edging is a haircut operation as a result of which a clear line is formed, limiting the hair according to its natural growth and creating the outline of the future hairstyle, is performed on the back of the head, temples, bangs. Trimming whiskey isn't easy. In many haircuts, the whiskey remains open, so you need to carry out their edging with special attention and care. Crookedly trimmed whiskey instantly catches the eye and can ruin any hairstyle, even the most fashionable. Depending on the haircut model, the edging of the temporal zone can be made in different versions. Classic hairstyles most often have a straight or angular outline of the temples. The edging in the form of an elongated strand directed to the cheekbone looks very elegant, and the right angle is strict. In haircuts middle length, such as a square, the line of the temporal edging continues the contour of the occiput. Piping at the back of the head. In terms of edging, the back of the head is a problem area. More often than any other area, the occipital part of the head may differ in some way: vortices, a low or high hairline, an irregular crown, a different direction of growth of adjacent strands, and so on. On the back of the head, the hair grows very individually, so you need to take into account its features both when choosing a haircut and during edging. The shape of the edging of the back of the head can be different: oval, rectangular, trapezoidal, angular or triangular, with elongated curls and strands. The first three types are the most common, especially in classic haircuts. Modern youth often prefer more original forms of edging - in the form of an elongated strand or a pigtail. With the help of various edging options, you can change any haircut model almost beyond recognition. For example: a classic square, made with asymmetric edging, "ladder" or elongated front and short back strands, will look very elegant and original. If the back of the head is beautifully shaped and the hair grows correctly, you need to emphasize these advantages with a slight adjustment. The outline of the edging itself should not be altered. But in the case when there are any occipital defects, you have to work hard. First you need to determine the natural position of the strands. To do this, the hair must be carefully combed, tilted the head several times in different directions and beat the strands a little with your hands. Then all the shortcomings will immediately become more noticeable, it will be easier to decide which type of edging to resort to. As a rule, if the hair is very thick, it forms a kind of pigtails at the back of the head. It is almost impossible to make the contour of the haircut even and clear, therefore it is necessary to correctly "beat" the natural defect. An elongated strand edging will be a good solution. If the hair is not only thick, but also short, it is better to make the correction with a clipper or straight razor. Often, strands on the back of the head grow in different directions, forming vortices or a vertical parting. This can be corrected by pushing the corrective haircut from the ears to the center of the back of the head. It happens that the occipital hairs lie on top of each other, so the strands become thick and dense. They must be thinned out with thinning scissors, and thoroughly. For rare strands, root thinning is perfect. It will lift the hair from the roots and give it extra volume. Bangs are an important part of a haircut. She can decorate even the simplest hairstyle. The main thing is to choose the right bangs option, taking into account the type of face and correctly carry out a haircut. Bangs can be called a universal element, because it can be done in almost every hairstyle, for any hair length. The style in which the bangs are made can be anything: someone prefers the classic version, while someone likes something original. For any option, the haircut rules are the same. Before starting a haircut, you need to determine the optimal size of the bangs: length, width and thickness. The length and thickness may be different, but the width depends on the width of the forehead. It is undesirable to start the contour of the bangs behind the whiskey. Hair intended for bangs is combed with parting. There are many parting variations: straight, oblique, triangular, U-shaped, parallel to the hairline. You can choose any of them, but it must be remembered that the density of the bangs depends on where to put it. The farther the parting is from the hairline on the forehead, the thicker the bangs will be. Hair type is another factor that plays an important role when choosing a bang option. Straight bangs with the same length of strands are suitable for thin and curly hair. Thick and coarse hair is usually extremely naughty, so making bangs thick and long is not recommended. Cutting your bangs in a classic style is easy. Wet hair must be carefully combed, parting to separate the strands intended for the bangs, and fix the rest with "ducks". In the process of cutting, the strands are separated from each other after 1-2 cm. The first trimmed strand will be the control one for the rest, so you need to set its level carefully. Do not forget that it is better to add 1 cm to the target length, because after drying the hair will become shorter. The second strand, together with the control one, is lifted on the comb at a right angle to the head. The cut line must pass strictly at the reference level. So, strand by strand, the entire mass of hair is cut for the bangs. After cutting them you need to comb them and carefully check the contour. All irregularities should be corrected with a neat edging, then profiled. You can add extra pomp to the classic bangs. It will look especially good in bob hairstyles. In this case, it is better to comb the hair with a triangular or U-shaped parting. The total length of the bangs is set on the outermost strand, and the haircut is performed using the strand-by-strand method. Thickness and splendor of the bangs can be given in another way - to make it two-level. The first level is cut like this: the hair is separated by a horizontal parting, then cut to the desired length. Usually, the length of the initial level does not exceed the middle of the forehead, and the thickness of each strand is 1-1.5 cm. After 1 cm, a second parting is made, parallel to the first. The strands should be trimmed at the height of the first cut line. 1.3 Factors influencing the choice of haircut
Choosing the right haircut will allow the hairdresser to correct the flaws in appearance and pay attention to its advantages. Choosing a haircut as the basis for a hairstyle, it is necessary to take into account the individuality of a person's appearance, as well as the existing anatomical features, i.e. the choice of a haircut is determined by the following factors. Head and face shape. Due to the fact that the shapes of a man's head and a woman's are different, haircuts are also different: angular lines prevail in men's haircuts, and rounded ones in women. Dimensions. Shoulder width, height, build, etc. Hair Growth Border. In men, for example, the hairline on the neck is lower than in women, and the frontal notches are more pronounced. The type and characteristics of hair growth. Most often, the difficulties of performing a haircut are observed on the crown, in the frontal and occipital parts of the head. Hair density. Hair density is different in different areas of the head. There is usually less hair density behind the auricle, in the lower occipital area, as well as in the areas of the frontal notches and the crown. When choosing a haircut, this must be taken into account. Forehead height. For example, a high forehead should be covered with bangs. Profile. There are three types of profile: straight (ideal), which does not require correction; convex - with a protruding middle part (in this case, the volume of the hairstyle on the forehead must be increased); concave - with a protruding chin (in this case, a haircut with a small bang is necessary, i.e. it is not recommended to increase the volume of the hairstyle in the forehead area). Occipital width. The triangular edging of the hair on the neck visually reduces the width of the back of the head, and the straight one increases it. To perform haircuts, you need to master the components of hairdressing: knowledge of different types of men's and women's haircuts, basic hair cutting operations and factors influencing the choice of a haircut. Accordingly, the ability to cut is knowledge of different types of haircuts, and not just knowledge, but also the consolidation of this knowledge in practice. That is, first you need to find out the information, and then practice, without practice there is no skill in your hands. Chapter II. Hair cutting technology "Classic square"
.1
Tools and fixtures
To work, a hairdresser, like any other professional, requires a variety of tools and accessories. They can be divided into 3 groups depending on the purpose: hair combing tools; cutting tools; hair curling and styling tools. Combs. We need three types of combs, each of which performs certain operations: * Comb with a thin long handle (called a "ponytail") - used to separate hair into partings when cutting, dyeing, perm. It comes with a metal and plastic tip. * Combined comb - teeth have an unequal pitch. On one half, the teeth are sparse, and on the other, they are quite frequent. It should be about 20 cm long, narrow and have a narrow back. * Comb with long sparse teeth - for combing long hair or hair with a broken structure. It is also used for combing hair after perm. * Brushing - round brush. It is used when styling with a hairdryer to raise the hair at the root and curl the strands. It comes in different diameters. * Skeleton brush - flat or curved brush with slots. Used when styling with a hairdryer. It is convenient for her to lift strands of hair at the root. The slots allow hot air to pass through the brush. * Massage brush- a semicircular brush that adds fluffiness to the hair. It is best to use a metal-toothed brush because it is easier to disinfect. The rubber base on which the teeth are mounted must be soft and the ends of the teeth smooth. For individual use, brushes with wooden teeth are good (provided that the teeth are well processed), as well as brushes made of natural bristles. Straight scissors. They must be made of high quality steel and very sharp. The arrangement of the fingers in their rings is as follows: in one ring the thumb, in the other - the ring finger, the same ring may have a reinforcing lever on which the little finger is placed. Scissors with straight blades are in inches (4 to 6). Thinning scissors. Such scissors have teeth on their blade, due to which the length of the hair at the ends becomes different. The height of the thinning depends on the size of the thinning tooth of the scissors. There are one-sided and two-sided. The pitch between the teeth can be different, the less often the pitch, the less hair will be cut. Tip: when choosing scissors, you need to make sure that the scissors blades fit snugly together. To do this, you need to look at the light, there should be no gap. Work with the scissors, their stroke should not be too tight or too loose. The scissors must be placed perpendicular to the floor and the first blade must be taken away perpendicular to the second, the scissors must converge on half of the cloths. It is best to store scissors in a case. Clips and ducks. There are plastic and metal. They pin the hair, which interferes with the haircut. It should be made of heat-resistant plastic, have a cold air button or hot shutdown mode, a mesh air filter, a narrow nozzle, be powerful enough and have a strong and long electric cord. Thinning razor. With a thinning razor, you can perform haircuts that are distinguished by smooth lines and completeness of forms. And also, along with thinning scissors, it is used for thinning. Spray. Designed to wet hair while cutting. 2.2 Technology of performing haircuts "Classic square"
.The haircut starts from the lower occipital zone. A strand is separated with a horizontal parting at the edge line of hair growth and a straight or horseshoe-shaped edging is performed on the neck. The next strand is separated with a horizontal parting if the edging line is straight, or with a radial parting if the edging line is horseshoe-shaped and cut using the strand-by-strand method with internal graduation. Thus, all hair is cut to the central horizontal part. .The frontal-parietal zone is trimmed. A strand is separated with a horizontal parting at the temple and edging is performed, focusing on the length of the hair in the occipital zone. All hair is cut from both sides to the central vertical parting using the strand-by-strand method with internal graduation. .At the request of the client, fringing is performed on the bangs. In this case, the edging line can be any. (Annex 1) .3 Occupational safety rules when cutting
ELECTRICAL SAFETY RULES Electric energy, as the most versatile and convenient form of energy for use, is a faithful helper of man in all spheres of his activity. But electricity can also bring irreparable harm to human health if you do not follow electrical safety rules and do not follow personal precautions. The main condition for the safe use of electricity is the good condition of the electrical wiring, as well as the observance of precautions when using electrical appliances at work and at home. NECESSARY: ACTIONS IN THE EVENT OF A FIRE When a fire is detected at the facility, employees are obliged to: immediately inform the fire department about this (at the same time clearly state the address of the institution, the place of the fire, your position and surname, and also inform about the presence of people in the building). activate the fire warning system. take measures to evacuate people. notify the head of the institution or an employee replacing him about the fire. organize a meeting of fire departments, start extinguishing the fire with the available fire extinguishing means (internal fire hydrants, fire extinguishers, etc.). In the event of a fire, the managers of the facilities are obliged to: to lead the management of extinguishing the fire until the arrival of firefighters rescue units. check if a fire has been reported to the fire department. organize the evacuation of people according to the existing worked out plans, take measures to prevent panic among those present. organize the activation of the fire warning system. -
in the presence of a speakerphone, announce in a calm, even voice about the need to leave the building. send personnel who are well aware of the location of access roads and water sources to organize a meeting and escort (if necessary) fire service units to the fire site. check the activation and operation of the automatic stationary fire extinguishing system. if necessary, call medical and other services to the place of fire. -
stop all work not related to measures to evacuate people and extinguish the fire. organize the shutdown of electricity and gas supply networks, technological equipment, ventilation and air conditioning systems (involve the duty and maintenance personnel for this). -
ensure the safety of people taking part in the evacuation and extinguishing fire, from possible collapse of structures, exposure to toxic combustion products and elevated temperatures, electric shock, etc. organize the evacuation of material assets from the danger zone, determine the places of their storage and ensure, if necessary, their protection. Upon arrival of the fire departments, you must: indicate to the head of extinguishing the fire the place of ignition and the shortest paths to it. inform about the presence of people in the danger zone and the progress of the evacuation. provide an indication of the location and escorts to water supply sources, fire extinguishing and communication equipment. at the request of the head of extinguishing the fire, ensure the involvement of the necessary automotive, irrigation and other equipment. organize the work of members of volunteer squads and workers to assist firefighters during combat deployment, laying hose lines, evacuating material assets and carrying out other work, in accordance with the instructions of the head of extinguishing the fire. When an official is included in the headquarters for controlling forces in means of a fire, he obliged: advise the head of extinguishing a fire on the specific features of a burning building (structure), and also provide information on the presence and location of explosive and toxic substances, gas cylinders, electrical installations under voltage, and other information. coordinate the actions of the service personnel when performing the tasks assigned by the head of extinguishing the fire. During a fire, it is necessary to refrain from opening windows and doors, and the taxis should not break glass. When leaving a room or building, it is necessary to close all doors and windows behind you in order to reduce the flow of fresh air, which contributes to the rapid spread of fire. Portable luminaires intended for hanging, table, floor, etc. are equated with the choice of voltage to the luminaires of local stationary lighting. Employees are obliged to: comply with the work and rest regime established by legislation, the internal labor regulations of the organization, labor discipline, comply with the requirements of the rules and norms of labor protection; comply with fire safety requirements, know the order of actions in case of fire, be able to use primary fire extinguishing means; smoke only in specially designated places; Not allowed: to do work being in a state of alcoholic intoxication or in a state caused by the use of narcotic drugs, psychotropic or toxic substances, as well as drinking alcoholic beverages, using narcotic drugs, psychotropic or toxic substances at the workplace or during working hours. and not take personal precautions. The main condition for the safe use of electricity is the good condition of the electrical wiring, as well as the observance of precautions when using electrical appliances at work and at home. NECESSARY: constantly monitor the good condition of electrical wiring, switches, sockets, as well as cords with which electrical appliances are connected to the network. use only plug connections for connection to the mains. turn on and off electrical appliances with dry hands and only by the plug. It is not allowed to switch off electrical appliances by pulling the cord. Replace lamps and clean lighting from dust only with the switch off. in case of sparking, smoke or burning smell, sensation of electric current, immediately disconnect the appliance from the mains. at the end of work, turn off all electrical appliances and turn off the lighting. We observe safety rules when working with scissors: ♦ After serving each customer, the scissors must be disinfected in an ultraviolet irradiator or denatured alcohol. ♦ Store the scissors in a case in the top drawer of the dressing table. ♦ The scissors should be passed by holding them by the working blades, i.e. rings forward. ♦ Use scissors strictly for the intended purpose. ♦ If the scissors fall, do not try to catch them in order to avoid injury. We comply with safety rules when working with a razor :
♦ The shaver should be stored in a case in the top drawer of the vanity unit. ♦ The shaver should be handed over closed in a case. ♦ When shaving, make sure that the head of the razor is directed towards the protruding parts of your face and head. ♦ When shaving, you must be extremely careful, do not swing the razor and talk with the client. ♦ After servicing each client, the shaver must be disinfected in an ultraviolet irradiator or or soaked in a chloramine solution for at least 15 minutes. In addition, it is necessary to change the blade in the machine. We comply with the safety rules when working with the machine: ♦ Before connecting to the mains, it is necessary to check the integrity of the cord and the conformity of the supply voltage. ♦ Change the blades only with the engine off of the machine. ♦ Do not handle the clipper with wet hands or cut wet hair. ♦ The machine must not be stored in a drawer of the dressing table, it must be hung at the workstation to avoid damaging the integrity of the cord. We comply with safety rules when working with a comb: ♦ After working with each client, the comb must be disinfected in an ultraviolet irradiator or in a chloramine solution (at least 15 minutes). As it gets dirty, the comb should be washed with soapy water. ♦ Make sure that the teeth of the comb are not very sharp and free from burrs. ♦ Do not store the comb in the pocket of work clothes and leave it in the client's hair. ♦ When working with chemicals, do not use metal combs. Based on the above, the following conclusion can be drawn: To correctly perform the "Classic square" haircut, you need to know the technology of execution, select the necessary tools and devices, as well as not forget about the labor safety rules. Kare is almost the first hairstyle in the whole world. Most often, women and girls choose a bob haircut. Each, at least once in her life, wore such a haircut. From decade to decade from year to year, bob haircut is just as popular and not subject to any fashion trends. Kare is always at the top of fashion! Conclusion
In conclusion, let us summarize the main results of the research work. From time immemorial to the present day, the "Kare" haircut has occupied one of the leading places. A large number of different hairstyles are performed on the basis of "Kare". This haircut is found in ancient Egypt. The hair was specially combed, lubricated with wax and incense and laid in the hairdo. The elongated "Kare" has become, as it were, the hallmark of Egypt. This is reflected in pictures, inscriptions, hieroglyphs. Thanks to the emerging new silhouettes and forms of haircuts, hairstyles, a person gains hope to meet the criteria of modern fashion. In the process of writing a research paper, I studied the basic operations of hair cutting and, directly, the technology of performing the "Classic square" haircut. In my opinion, taking into account the advantages and disadvantages of the client's face, you can choose a haircut for him using any of the described haircut operations. And this haircut will delight him with its novelty and originality. The bob is rightfully considered one of the most common and elegant haircuts. It combines simplicity and elegance at the same time. Girls and women can safely choose this hairstyle for themselves, regardless of the characteristics of the face, age and status. The versatility of this haircut has been tested by many fashionistas, who, meanwhile, remained unique and original. Bibliography
1.O.N. Kuleshova, O.B. Iltaeva, T.N. Butko "Basics of Hairstyle Design" - M., 2004. E. Kurmanaevskaya. "My own hairdresser." - Rostov-on-Don, 2004. N.G. Moiseev. "The Art of Hair". - Rostov-on-Don, 2004. Catalog of hairstyles "Estetica" №1 / 2005 (15). Application
PLAN STUDY THEME
"Haircut. Basic concepts of haircuts "
The main factors affecting a haircut
Types and styles of haircuts
Division of the hairline into zones
Edge hairline
Head zones
Types of partings
Control strand
Hair extension
Slicing views
Methods for capturing and processing strands
Basic haircut concepts
Haircut scheme
A haircut - one of the main operations for giving hair a certain shape, style. Hair cutting is a rather complicated and serious operation that requires utmost attention and concentration. The appearance of the hairstyle depends on how well the haircut will be performed.
MAIN FACTORS AFFECTING HAIRCUT
There is a wide variety of haircuts, and their choice is determined by manyfactors :
the quality and condition of the hair, its purity, porosity and elasticity;
the direction of hair growth and the location of the vortices, if any;
the shape of the ears, their size and structure;
the shape and size of the forehead;
the structure of the zygomatic bones;
shape of the nose;
types of beard and chin (sloping, pushed forward, etc.);
the shape and position of the eyes and eyebrows;
chemical procedures previously carried out on the hair, and their consequences;
possible local or progressive baldness;
the tendency of hair to wavy shape;
fashion requirement, age, general style and client's wishes.
TYPES AND FACILITIES OF HAIRCUTS
Style- this is the ultimate goal that the master faces in the process of cutting. Currently, a haircut can be both an independent solution and the basis for subsequent styling, dyeing or perming hair. The haircuts themselves depend on the direction of fashion and change over time, new tools and means appear that allow you to perform much more styling options on your hair. In this regard, the cutting technology is changing and improving, and therefore, the forms and styles of hairstyles change.
In hairdressing practice, there are twotype of haircuts- contrasting (geometric) and non-contrasting (plastic).
Contrast haircut characterized by sharp transitions in the length of the hair in certain areas of the hairline.
Low contrast haircut differs in smooth transitions in the length of the hair in certain areas of the hairline.
Low contrast haircut Contrast haircut
You can also talk abouttypes of haircuts... Haircuts are simple and fashionable.
Simple haircut - This is a uniform shortening of the length of the hair over the entire hairline or in its individual sections.
Model haircuts , in turn, are subdivided:
to basic - are carried out according to a strictly developed specific technology. For example, the well-known classic bob haircut has a strictly defined shape and technology;
modeling - performed on the basis of a basic haircut, but taking into account the individual characteristics of the client. For example, when performing the same haircut, a classic square, the shape of the client's face is taken into account and this changes the length of the hair;
combined - combine 2-3 basic haircuts. For example, a haircut with a graduated bob is a synthesis of a classic bob and a cascading haircut.
DIVISION OF THE HAIR COVER INTO ZONES
Before a haircut (when combing or shampooing), pay attention to the peculiarities of hair growth, the edge line, the structure of the head (protrusions, depressions, bumps, etc.).
Marginal hairline (KLRV)- this is the border of hair growth. For all people, the location of the edge line is individual, but nevertheless the names of all sections of the line are the same: 1 - frontal protrusion; 2 - frontal notch; 3 - temporal protrusion; 4 - temporal notch; 5 - temple; 6 - behind the ear; 7 - cervical angle; 8 - neck line (marginal hairline on the neck).
Frontal protrusion 1 located in the center of the forehead,
Rice. Edge line hair in this place grows like a cape. The shape of the cape can be more or less sharp, higher or lower. This may make the forehead appear larger or smaller.Frontal notches can be large enough, and then we are talking about receding hairline.Temporal protrusions 3 and temporal notches 4 characterize hair growth and are clearly visible in profile.Temple 5 can grow in a female or male pattern. The man's whiskey goes into sideburns and beard.
The edge lines of hair growth on the neck are characterized by a great variety (Fig. 2). Hair can grow quite high or low. All this must be taken into account when further haircut.
Fig. The edge lines of hair growth on the neck :
a - a straight line with a right neck angle; b - a straight line with a rounded cervical angle; c - hair growth in a pigtail; d - W-shaped hair growth
The highest point of the head can be determined by applying the comb to the surface of the head strictly horizontally.Crown - this is the so-called beginning of hair growth. Hair grows from the crown of the head in a spiral from right to left. Some people may have two or even three tops of their heads.
On the back of the head, you can feel two protruding tubercles - these areoccipital protuberances.
Division of hair into zones.In any craft, in order to become a professional, you need to master the basic techniques of work, acquire skills and hone your skills. The first thing that a future hairdresser is taught is to divide the hair into zones. Carrying out a haircut all over the head at the same time is impossible, so you have to advance the work progressively, step by step. To do this, in hairdressing, the division of the head into zones or areas is used. Zoning is considered an auxiliary step, but it is necessary, since otherwise it is impossible to correctly determine the sequence of haircuts.
Division into zones is performed by parting.Basic parting are: sagittal (or parting "from ear to ear"), horizontal, vertical and two lateral.
Sagittal parting needed to separate the occipital zone from the frontal zone. It runs from ear to ear through the highest point, which is at the crown of the head.
Central vertical parting - this is a parting from the center of the forehead to the center of the occiput (neck) through the highest point of the head.
Rice. Sagittal parting ("from ear to ear") Fig. Center vertical parting
Both of these partings go through the crown of the head and form the so-calledcruciform parting .
Rice. Cruciform parting
Depending on the work to be done, the division of the hairline into zones can be done in different ways. It is customary to distinguish the following main areas:frontal zone (Фз); occipital zone (Зз). You can get these zones using a sagittal parting (parting "from ear to ear")
The frontal zone, in turn, can be divided:
The parietal zone is isolated by two parallel partings from the frontal notches to the parting line that runs from ear to ear through the crown. Thus, the parietal area is a rectangle. The parting that separates the parietal zone is called
U-shaped parting .
After isolating the parietal zone, you can immediately stab the temporal zones. They are formed on both sides of the parietal zone.
The occipital zone is divided depending on the work to be done:
on upper and lower occipital zones (VZZ and NZZ) , passing a horizontal parting from one ear to the other through the occipital protuberances;
upper, middle and lower occipital occipital zones (VZz, SZz, NZz) by carrying out two horizontal partings;
Rice. Variants of dividing the occipital zone with horizontal parting
into two parts (right and left), holding a central vertical parting;
central occipital zone (CZZ) and two temporo-lateral zones (VBz) holding two vertical parting.
Rice. Variants of dividing the occipital zone with vertical parting
I use horizontal and vertical partingthe occipital zone can be divided into 6 zones
: the middle part of the upper occiput, the middle part of the lower occiput, two lateral parts of the upper occiput and two lower ones.
Often when cutting, the so-called"Hat zone" - a zone that can be distinguished by horizontal parting from the temporal notches through the superior occipital zone.
Rice. Highlighting the "hat area
So, the location and number of zones depends on the style of the haircut. It is not at all necessary to pin the hair in every zone, as the hair that is soaked and of sufficient length will usually not break apart. Practice shows that for convenience, most often, five main zones are sufficient: 1- the lower occipital zone; 2- upper occipital area; 3 - parietal; 4 - temporal zones.
Fig. Main zones goal
Types of parting.It is also necessary to consider partings, which are used when cutting and serve to separate thin strands of hair. They are vertical, horizontal, radial, diagonal, and circular.
Horizontal partings are partings that run parallel to the floor (or horizon line).
Rice. The location of the horizontal parting in the head zones
Vertical partings are those that run perpendicular to the floor.
Rice. The location of the vertical parting in the head zones
Diagonal partings
Radial partingscome from one point (usually from the highest point of the head) and divide the hairline into "sectors".
Circular partings are carried out along the circumference of the head.
Individual haircuts require a non-standard distribution of hair into zones, highlighted by zigzag, triangular, "T" -, "X" -like parting.
So, each zone, in turn, is divided into thin strands using partings (horizontal, vertical, etc.) To get an even cut, you should not make the strands too thick - the optimal width is 1.5 - 2 cm. The thicker the hair, the thinner the strand and, accordingly, the more partings.
It is most reasonable to do a haircut, taking into accountnatural direction of hair growth, because in this case the shape given to the hair will be held by itself, and not through any violent measures. If you do a haircut based on a forcibly combed, then the shape that you give the hair will not be able to resist, the hair will get confused all the time, taking a natural and convenient direction in which it grows.
Hair on FTZ grows mainly from the crown to the face. There is a natural parting on the zone (the only white strip of skin against the background of the hair), which may be in the middle, left, right, diagonally, or absent. To find it, it is enough to ask the client to shake his head and the hair will fall apart according to its natural growth.
Normally, the growth of VBZ stripes ends along the arc line (see figure), but often smoothly turns into sideburns and a beard.
At the back of the head, the hair grows down towards the neck, right and left towards the auricles. Vortexes are often observed in NZZ, which in turn absolutely changeFig. Hair growth in VBZ
natural hair growth, up to the formation of vortices with the opposite direction of growth.
BASIC HAIRCUT CONCEPTS
Before embarking on the study of haircut techniques, you should understand the meaning of two important terms - control strand and brace.
Control strand (KP)is the very first step in any haircut. The first strand is a guideline by which the length of the entire hairstyle as a whole is aligned. Having determined where the control strand will be located, it is cut to the desired level. All other strands will be leveled on it when cutting: the strands are cut either at the same level, or shorter or longer than the control strand.
In different haircuts, the number of control strands may be different. As a rule, simple hairstyles are done using one or two control strands. In complex haircuts, there can be five or ten of them. In addition, the control strand is often set separately for each selected area of the head.
Guy.This is a technique of holding (pulling) the strands in a certain position in relation to the head.
Describing the implementation of this technique, they say: "A strand with a shear with a guy in so many degrees." This means that the strand of hair makes an angle of the specified number of degrees with the surface of the head.
A slight extension of each next strand by 10-15 ° makes the hair shorter and creates a "ladder" effect. In this case, each next strand is cut at the level of the previous one.
At 90 °, the strand should be perpendicular to the head.
A quickdraw is the main technique when modeling a haircut. By increasing or decreasing the brace of the strands, you adjust their length and create a silhouette of the hairstyle.
The pull of strands at certain angles is determined by eye as a deviation from the tangent at the place of the strand. For example, in order to determine in the right place a vertical brace of a strand at an angle of 90 °, you need to put a comb on your head in this place and restore (visually) a perpendicular to it.
Methods for capturing strands.When cutting, a lock of hair is grasped with the thumb and forefinger of the left hand (if the master is right-handed). A cut with scissors is made either inside or outside of the palm along the intended cut line.
Method of grabbing strands with the left hand when cutting
Rice. Cut from the inside of the palm Fig. Cut from the outside of the palm
Strand cut line - hair located above the toes.
Slice types.When performing a haircut, the hair shaft is cut at different angles.
The section of the cut hair depends on the position of the fingers in relation to the strand and on how the scissor blades are positioned in relation to the plane of the strand. This, in turn, affects the appearance of the haircut.
The slice is called direct if the section of the hair is round. In this case, the shears are arranged perpendicular to the plane of the strand, and the strand is drawn, as a rule, at an angle of 90 C to the surface of the head.
Rice. Section of the hair with a straight cut Fig. Straight cut toes
The slice is called sharp , if the obtained section of the hair is oval.
Rice. Straight cut hair
A similar cut can be obtained different ways... One of them, for example, when the scissor blades are located at an angle to the plane of the strand.
Rice. Straight cut toes
Methods for processing strands.There are several ways to process (cut) strands:
inner cut;
External cut;
Pointing;
Plucking;
slicing (sliding slice);
cutting a twisted strand.
Internal cut. This method of cutting hair is used for shortening hair, for edging and for other cutting techniques.
When performing an internal cut, the fingers are turned towards themselves. The length of the hair on the inner part of the strand is a little shorter than the top.
External cut.
The outer cut is also used when performing various haircut techniques. As a result of this cut, the upper part of the strand is shorter than the inner one.
Pointing. Pointing is now widely used. This method provides simultaneous shortening and thinning (thinning) of the hair, and the cut line is similar to a fringe.
This cut not only serves to model the hairstyle, but also makes the hair more luxuriant.
Pointing can be done both on the fingers and on the comb.
Pointing (from the English point - tip) is often not only a method of finishing an already made haircut, but also the main method of performing work.
Plucking. Plucking can be considered as the main technique when performing root thinning (thinning the hair to create volume in the hairstyle).
However, this technique can handle strands at different heights and when modeling haircuts.
Plucking is performed with a comb and straight scissors. The hair is lifted with a comb and cut with the tips of scissors at the right levels for the required amount of hair. You can hold your hair with your hand.
Slicing.
Slicing (from the English slice - cut, cut) is a sliding cut that is performed with straight scissors or a razor.
Slicing with scissors is done on dry hair. The scissors are held almost parallel to the hair and perform a sliding motion from the hair roots to the ends, starting at any height of the strand. Slicing with a razor is practically the same thinning.
Cutting off twisted strands.
Cutting twisted strands can be done with a straight cut with straight scissors, thinning scissors at different heights, a sliding cut.
The result of cutting a twisted strand is a kind of thinning of the ends of the hair.
However, it must be borne in mind that this result depends on the thickness of the twisted strand, and on the height at which the cut is made, and on the tool with which this operation is performed.
The haircut is always done on clean hair. Modern technologies provide for the performance of work on both wet and dry hair. It should be borne in mind that wet hair seems to be about 1 cm longer than dry hair (clean hair "sticks up" slightly above the skin, and wet hair adjoins). When choosing the length of the base strand from which the entire haircut will go, keep this in mind so as not to cut it too short.
HAIRCUT SCHEME
Haircut scheme - this is a technical drawing of a haircut, reflecting in a projection onto a plane:
the surface of the head and its division into zones;
the partings with which the haircut is performed;
the angles of the brace (rise) of the strands;
cut line and shape of the haircut;
the procedure for performing a haircut (execution technology);
applied tools.
In fig. Fragment of the haircut scheme:
Cutting the lower occipital zone. The strands are highlighted with horizontal parting. The control strand (CP) is on the back of the head, cut with a 0º guy angle. Subsequent strands are cut at the BC level. The haircut is done with scissors.
Choosing the right haircut will allow the hairdresser to correct the flaws in appearance and pay attention to its advantages. Choosing a haircut as the basis for a hairstyle, it is necessary to take into account the individuality of a person's appearance, as well as the existing anatomical features, i.e. the choice of a haircut is determined by the following factors:
1. The shape of the head and face. Due to the fact that the shapes of the male head and the female head are different, haircuts are also different: angular lines prevail in men's haircuts, and rounded in women's.
2. Dimensions. Shoulder width, height, build, etc.
3. The border of hair growth. In men, for example, the hairline on the neck is lower than in women, and the frontal notches are more pronounced.
4. Type and characteristics of hair growth. Most often, the difficulties of performing a haircut are observed on the crown, in the frontal and occipital parts of the head.
5. Hair density. Hair density is different in different areas of the head. There is usually less hair density behind the auricle, in the lower occipital area, as well as in the areas of the frontal notches and the crown. When choosing a haircut, this must be taken into account.
6. Forehead height. For example, a high forehead should be covered with bangs.
7. Profile. There are three types of profile: straight (ideal), which does not require correction; convex - with a protruding middle part (in this case, the volume of the hairstyle on the forehead must be increased); concave - with a protruding chin (in this case, a haircut with a small bang is necessary, i.e. it is not recommended to increase the volume of the hairstyle in the forehead area).
8. The width of the occiput. The triangular edging of the hair on the neck visually reduces the width of the back of the head, and the straight one increases it.
Choosing a short haircut depending on the type of face:
When choosing a haircut, do not forget that it should be suitable for a certain type of face. For trendy haircuts for short hair - the photo offers several options, an oval face shape would be ideal. But for women with a round, square or rectangular face, you can adjust the shape of the haircut by giving the face the desired proportions using strands of different lengths, asymmetries, and the like.
Round-faced women and girls options with volume on top are suitable, allowing you to visually lengthen the face. This effect is created by short cascading haircuts. A good choice would be the classic bob-bob, reaching to the cheekbones. Often, stylists deliberately leave strands falling on the cheeks, creating a fuzzy contour of the face. Asymmetrical haircuts are also good at distracting attention from rounded shapes.
Haircuts for a round face
Women with a square face it should be borne in mind that the best option for them would be cascading and multi-layered haircuts that create volume in the upper part of the head. Thus, the face is visually extended. Short haircuts with curls around the face are also perfect. Stylish asymmetrical hairstyles will also help hide some imperfections. But, in no case should you use straight and long bangs or completely comb your hair back. Side partings, half-open ears and slightly wavy hair will look good.
Haircuts for a square face
For women and girls with a triangular face type Trapezoid-shaped haircuts are ideal, with the widest part at the level of the earlobes or going through the center of the ear. If a short haircut is made in the shape of a square, then it is advisable to twist the ends of the hair outward. For a triangular face, a wavy bob or a bob with thick bangs is great.
Haircuts for a triangular face type
For women with a rectangular face type thick bangs up to the eyebrows, covered ears and wavy hair are recommended. The bangs can be either straight, ragged or asymmetrical. With its help, you can shorten the face and give the image lightness. Cascading haircuts with a wide part on the eyebrow line and coming to naught in the mouth area are perfect. This type of hairstyle will help smooth out rectangular shape faces, visually forming an oval. Too short haircuts are contraindicated.
Haircuts for a rectangular face
Women with a pear-shaped face have the following parameters: the lower part is wide, prominent cheekbones, the lower jaw has a square shape, and the forehead, on the contrary, is relatively narrow.
You should pay attention to these hairstyles:
To add volume to the upper part of your face, you need haircuts and hairstyles with additional curls on the temporal part;
Too short a haircut is not desirable, the minimum hair length should reach the lower edge of the ear;
Choose hairstyles that frame the chin and cover rather wide cheekbones;
The side parting looks good;
Asymmetrical haircuts, styling are original for a pear-shaped face;
Long bangs combed to one side;
Thick bangs will help balance the proportions of the face.
Pear-shaped haircuts
Purpose of diamond face correction- visually soften the angular outlines of the face: - darken the convex parts of the cheekbones; - to lighten the subzygomatic cavities and temporal areas; - apply blush in the shape of a triangle on the front of the cheekbones, color - neutral, dark. For a diamond-shaped face, correction involves softening the lines, corners that resemble a diamond shape. For this dark foundation or powder darken the most prominent parts. When applying blush, you must follow a certain pattern, in this case it should look like a triangle. Blush is applied to the front of the face and reduced to nothing, while trying to concentrate them on the front surface, without capturing the cheekbones and sides. Blush should distract attention from the angular outlines of the face.
Haircuts for a diamond-shaped face
