Nutritional standards for babies from birth to one year with breastfeeding and artificial feeding. Feeding regimen for babies under one year old Feeding a baby 0 to 1 year old

Many mummies are eager to introduce for their baby, but have absolutely no idea where to start? What to give, when and how to give, especially when it comes to? Taking into account the recommendations of the leading pediatricians of Russia and specialists in the field of baby nutrition, a feeding system for children from 0 to 1 year old was developed.

This diagram reflects the most basic points regarding the feeding and development of children from 0 to 1 year old. Additions and changes can be made to the scheme in accordance with the characteristics of your child and the opinion of the pediatrician with whom you are being observed, as well as with your personal opinion.

1. Start introducing complementary foods in small portions (5-10g) and gradually increase the volume.
2. It is better to give new foods to the baby before feeding.
3. It is better to give solid food as soon as the reflex of pushing out unfamiliar food by the tongue fades away.
4. Check with your pediatrician.

Especially for the women's magazine

How to feed a child when milk from the breast or formula is no longer enough for the full development of a growing child's body? Complementary feeding. What it is? Complementary food other than that of a newborn baby. This is a gradual introduction to foods from the diet of adults. The main purpose of the first feeding is precisely the acquaintance with new food. The main food during this period is still milk or mixture. Only closer to the year the child should completely or almost completely switch to the adult menu.

When should you feed your baby?

The point of view of modern pediatrics is this: until the age of 6 months, a baby who feeds on breast milk does not need any other nutrition and even liquid. Feeding a newborn baby with mother's milk fully satisfies all his needs. The exception is when the mother does not have enough milk. Artificial children can receive complementary foods earlier.

By the age of 4-6 months, the baby should receive more vitamins, microelements, the food should become more high-calorie. The child grows, moves, his brain and nervous system develop. For all this, the body has to spend more and more energy. Feeding babies in the second half of their life is fundamentally different from feeding newborns.

Receiving new, denser food teaches the child to chew. All internal organs of the digestive system are included in this process, and the system that produces enzymes for the processing of new products begins to work actively.

If you offer a child a product from a new menu earlier than a special scheme for introducing complementary foods recommends, it will not be absorbed, since the digestive system of newborns is not yet working well and clearly, the body is not ready to accept a new type of food. This is fraught with such troubles as colic, diarrhea, constipation, vomiting, the development of dysbiosis, allergic reactions. Early complementary foods can cause irreversible damage to the baby, creating the basis for future health problems.

If the table of the menu that you are following is characterized by a later introduction of complementary foods, this can also have consequences: the child will not develop the skills of chewing and swallowing solid food in time, the body gets used to liquid milk or formula and will reject a different type of food. In addition, the lack of beneficial nutrients found in complementary foods will affect the baby's health and development. Iron deficiency is especially common, leading to anemia and growth retardation.

Baby's readiness for complementary foods

Whether or not to introduce complementary foods to the baby at one time or another and whether to follow the recommendations from the table compiled by pediatricians for the "average" child should be decided by the mother, taking into account the characteristics of her baby and listening to the opinion of the doctor who is observing him.

The following indicator chart will help you gauge your child's readiness for a new meal.

• Body mass. The baby should gain weight in accordance with his height and age. To control these indicators, there is a special table indicating the norms of weight and height. Otherwise, the child needs to be given additional food.
• Method of feeding the child until the planned introduction of complementary foods. Artists need earlier complementary foods.
• The satiety of the child. In the absence of complete satiety after feeding due to a lack of milk in the mother, the baby is shown an earlier introduction of adult food into its menu.
• The child's curiosity about the food of adult family members and the desire to taste this food.
• The formation of swallowing mechanisms for pushing food of a denser consistency into the esophagus than milk or liquid mixture. Otherwise, the baby may choke.

Basic principles of introducing complementary foods

1. The consistency of the introduced complementary foods should gradually change. The scheme is as follows: first it will be feeding with food in liquid form, then in the form of a homogeneous gruel without lumps, then with small unpolished particles, and in the end it is necessary to switch to food with the presence of medium pieces. This smooth transition stimulates the development of chewing and swallowing skills.
2. New food should be offered in very small quantities (less than half a teaspoon), gradually increasing its amount to the recommended rate. The result will be one full meal instead of the usual serving of formula or breast milk.
3. Several new food products cannot be added to the menu at the same time. The child must first adapt to one of them, only then he must try the other.
4. A hungry baby should be offered complementary foods, and then breastfeeding or formula feeding should continue.
5. If, when a child eats a new product, allergic reactions have arisen, it is worth temporarily abandoning it. You can try again in about a month.
6. Only a healthy baby is allowed to try the new dish. The vaccination schedule should not coincide with the complementary feeding schedule.
7. After the start of feeding, all the time you need to monitor the body's response to new food. You should not continue to inject the product that caused constipation, diarrhea, vomiting. It is necessary to wait a little time and carefully try again, increasing the volume of the new product only if the digestive system has stabilized.

It is better to give complementary foods to a baby in the first half of the day, when he has slept after the night, is cheerful, vigorous and disposed to endure all your experiments with the menu favorably. This will give you an opportunity to see the reaction of the baby's body to the new dish before evening. If something goes wrong, you can avoid a sleepless night by taking the necessary steps.

What to offer first?

If the baby is lagging behind in weight, he has diarrhea, it is worth starting the complementary foods with porridge. In the case of children suffering from stool retention or excessive obesity, it is better to start complementary foods with vegetable puree.

If you are giving vegetables as your first complementary food, you can buy the finished product in the store, where today there is a wide selection of baby food. You can make vegetable puree at home, which will not be difficult for you.

First, you need to treat your baby to one kind of vegetables, after getting used to it, start another. When the child has mastered the different types, you can try adding a dish of several vegetables (multicomponent puree) to his menu.

The first vegetable that the little one tries is to choose according to your taste: broccoli, zucchini, perhaps pumpkin or cauliflower. But not potatoes. The high content of starch, which can cause an allergic reaction, postpones the acquaintance with this root vegetable to a later date. And in the future, when you have already accustomed the crumb to potatoes, you should not abuse them, it is advisable to add it to vegetable puree in a small dose.

If porridge became the first complementary food in your baby's menu, it is better to start with rice, buckwheat or corn. Does the child have a stool for a long time? Start giving him buckwheat. Are there signs of diathesis? Offer corn or rice. At first, you need to dilute the porridge with water, then with half milk (water plus milk in equal proportions). For these purposes, you can take special mixtures for children after the age of six months.

Do not rush to treat the baby with semolina. It contains gluten, which can be bad for your baby's health. Even some adults suffer from gluten intolerance. This is due to the lack of special enzymes in the body for the breakdown of this protein.

You can also buy ready-made porridge at the store. If you prefer to cook everything yourself, here are some recommendations for making your own baby porridge.

1. The cereal chosen for porridge must be thoroughly washed.
2. Then grind in a mixer.
3. It is necessary to cook in water with the further addition of the mixture (for artificial) or breast milk, which must be expressed in advance (for breastfeeding). An alternative way: dilute the cooked cereals with human milk or a mixture, grind with a sieve, then boil again.

Introducing the rest of the products

After a successful start with porridge or vegetable puree, you can proceed to further mastering the "adult" menu.

• Cottage cheese and yolk.

These products should be present in the child's diet only in the second half of life. Earlier feeding of such food can cause allergies (due to the presence of new protein in it) and digestive upset. You need to start giving with caution in small quantities.

Chicken yolk must be hard-boiled, grated and mixed with mother's milk, porridge or vegetable puree. You need to start with a few crumbs and gradually increase to 0.5 yolk (give no more than twice a week). After a year, you can offer half every day.

Regular store bought cottage cheese is not suitable for feeding a baby. There is a special baby curd for small children. If one is not on sale, you can cook it yourself at home.

Boil half a glass of low-fat kefir in a water bath for five minutes. Pour the resulting thick mixture onto a piece of gauze. When the excess liquid drains, the resulting curd can be cooled and given to the child. From 100 g of kefir, you can make 50 g of baby curd.

• Meat.

For children under 12 months old, grated poultry meat (turkey, chicken), as well as veal, beef, rabbit meat, horse meat, venison, tongue, pork (lean) can be offered as complementary foods. By the end of the first year of life, you can cook meatballs for your baby or. Many kids eat canned meat puree very well, which can be found on store shelves. It is sold in metal and glass containers.

Chicken meat sometimes contributes to allergies. Caution will not hurt when eating veal for a baby who suffers from cow's milk intolerance.

Soups for children of the first year of life should be cooked in vegetable broths. Meat broth cannot be used for these purposes, since when cooking meat, special substances are released - purines (their effect on the child's body cannot be called positive).

• Kefir.

It is better to enter it for an evening meal (we also do with cottage cheese). For children under one year old, you need to buy a special children's kefir, an adult product will not work. You can replace kefir with a fermented milk mixture for babies over 6 months old. If the baby doesn't like the new drink, you don't need to force yogurt to drink. Offer the drink later as the child gets older - they may change their tastes as they get older.

If you start giving kefir at an early age (up to six months), you can provoke violations of the acid-base environment in the child's body, as well as create an excessive load on fragile kidneys.

• Fruits.

Fruit juices and purees are a special topic of conversation. Once upon a time, the scheme for introducing new products into the diet of a child under one year old was different: pediatricians advised to start the first feeding with juices and fruits. A skewered fresh apple or banana was recommended for complementary foods as early as three or four months of age. Modern baby food experts say the fruit is worth the wait. Why? Vegetables for children are more valuable for their nutritional and vitamin properties than fruits. They are more capable of providing the baby with the necessary energy. And juices are also capable of negatively affecting the digestive organs (colic, diarrhea, increased gas production). Fruit allergies are more common.

It is better to introduce this type of complementary food closer to the year. Juices can first be diluted halfway with water. Give puree after full addiction to the juice. Better to start with apple juice (sweet varieties). Berries and tropical fruits can be left at a later date (after a year).

• A fish.

They are accustomed to fish in the same way as to any new product. After 9 months, the baby can be offered a lean type of fish (hake, pollock, flounder, pike perch, cod, saury), alternating with meat dishes. Thus, fish puree will appear on the baby's menu twice a week.

• Flour products.

Bread for a baby under one year old is given only white. You can also offer a cookie (special for small children that will melt quickly in your mouth). A child can eat bread and biscuits with the appearance of his first teeth. To prevent the crumb from choking, be sure to control the food process, do not leave the baby unattended with cookies.

table

An indicative table of feeding a child up to 12 months, containing the recommended norms of products:

The growth of a child in the very first year of his life is rapid. It seems that not long ago he was still quite small, but now he is already sitting on his own and eating vegetable puree for the first time in his life.

During this period, the well-being of the child largely depends on nutrition, because at this time there are intensive processes of formation, as well as improvement of many systems and organs of the baby. It is up to a year that it grows especially quickly and strengthens its immunity. Therefore, correctly organizing by months from the first days of his life is a very important and responsible task. It is the most important factor in all those preventive measures that are aimed at reducing morbidity and improving the health of children. In the case when the feeding of the child for months is carried out by adults with mistakes, this can affect the health of the little man throughout his entire future life.

The pediatricians have developed a table of feeding the child by months. It is very convenient for parents to use. The table describes how to properly feed the baby by month. Opposite the age, the time of the meal is indicated. Listed for each period of life and products necessary for the growth and health of the baby.

Beginning of life

During this period, the baby only needs breastfeeding. A woman's milk contains the optimal amount of vitamins and fats, proteins and minerals, carbohydrates and hormones, enzymes and many other components necessary for the life and development of the baby. Moreover, all nutrients are in optimal quantities. Mother's milk has no analogues in its biological properties and chemical composition, meeting to a greater extent the needs of the child. It is also important that the baby receives this invaluable food sterile and warm directly from the breast. Such feeding allows to establish psychological contact and understanding between the child and the mother much faster. At the same time, they remain durable for many years. In addition, breastfeeding a baby has a very beneficial effect on the mother's body. It normalizes a number of functions with positive health effects.

Feeding a child up to a month is performed every 3.5 hours. Take a break at night. It should be six and a half hours. Thus, the total number of feedings at this age is six times per day. In the event that the baby is weakened, it can be applied to the breast more often, taking three-hour breaks during the day and one six-hour breaks at night. The number of feedings will be seven times a day.

If the mother does not have milk, then the basis of the baby's diet is made up of specialized products intended for baby food. In this case, you can use dry or liquid, fermented milk or unleavened milk substitutes. The number of meals at and their frequency is similar to that of breastfeeding.

One month

During this period of the baby's life, it is necessary to feed only breast milk or its artificial substitutes. Many babies get their nourishment from the female breast. They can adhere to a free feeding regimen. At the same time, the baby's nutrition is carried out at his request. However, even in such a situation, mothers pay attention to the fact that feeding a baby at 1 month becomes more orderly. Such babies begin to develop a certain regimen, requiring breast from eight to twelve times a day.

Those kids who get food strictly according to the clock. The optimal regimen for a two-month-old baby is seven feedings during the day with a night break of six hours. Unlike those crumbs that feed on mother's milk, they need to be offered water for drinking. This should be done two or three times during the day.
The amount of food for a two-month-old child is approximately one-fifth of his weight per day. For example, if the mass of the crumbs is four kilograms, then he will need eight hundred grams of the mixture. In this case, a single dose will be 120 ml.

Those babies who are put to the breast do not need such calculations. In order to determine whether they have enough breast milk, the weight of the baby in the previous month, his appearance and behavior, and the frequency of urination are taken into account.

Two months

During this period, a child should receive one hundred thirty to one hundred fifty grams of food for one feeding. During the day, this will amount to one-sixth of its weight. It is very important that part of this norm was given to him in the form of breast milk. No matter how little a woman has, the baby should first be applied to the breast, and only then fed from a bottle.

Feeding a child at 2 months should be carried out with the inclusion of fruit puree in the diet. In this case, it is worth remembering one general rule: you cannot give two new products to the baby in one day.

An excellent fruit for making puree is the Antonovka apple. It is washed, cleaned and rubbed on a plastic or glass grater. A sharp spoon scraping method can be used. Raw grated apple is an excellent source of vitamins. It also contains plant fibers that will improve digestion. This puree is perfect for children with unstable stools. On the first day, you should give one fourth teaspoon, on the second - half of its volume. By the end of the month, the amount of puree is gradually increased to five to six tablespoons.

Three months

During this period, the mother's milk remains the main food of the baby. In addition, it is fed with fruit juices and purees.

Feeding a baby at 3 months should include a new product that contains easily digestible proteins, as well as lipids, fats, mineral salts and biostimulants. This is the yolk. It contains natural vitamin D, which is able to prevent rickets. The child should receive one-fourth of the hard-boiled yolk in mashed form with the addition of breast milk. It is best to give it to a child with a spoon.

Breastfeeding during this period is carried out six times a day with a break during the day at 3.5 hours, and at night - at 6.5.

In the event that the baby is fed with infant formula, vegetable puree should be included in the third feeding at three and a half months. Such complementary foods should be prepared in a special way. In equal quantities, you need to take carrots, fresh cabbage, potatoes and beets. Vegetables are peeled and boiled for two hours in a small amount of water, which is slightly salted, and then rubbed twice through a fine strainer. A small amount of vegetable broth is added to the resulting mass and seasoned with half the yolk and vegetable oil.

Four months

During this period of the baby's life, the mother's milk remains the main source of nutrients. He receives it six times a day with a break of 3.5 hours.

The daily diet uses yolk, vegetable and fruit purees. Feeding a baby at 4 months is done with the addition of a new product - homemade cottage cheese. It is a rich source of protein and minerals. The first serving should be half a teaspoon.

At four months, the child's diet can be enriched with vegetable soup. The recipe for its preparation is not very complicated. Peeled and thoroughly washed vegetables are boiled for an hour and a half, and then kneaded thoroughly.

Five months

During this period of life, the baby should eat mother's milk. However, it is developing and growing rapidly. In this regard, feeding a child at 5 months should fully satisfy the needs of his body. Juices, various vegetable and fruit purees, as well as yolk and homemade cottage cheese will provide minerals, vitamins and nutrients necessary for growth. What to give the baby, the mother can pick up on the advice of the pediatrician. But for a five month old baby, one breastfeeding should be smoothly replaced by complementary foods.

Six months

The baby continues to be breastfed. However, as a rule, at this age, the first teeth appear, allowing him to chew food. Feeding a baby at 6 months should be varied. It should contain vegetable and fruit juices, as well as puree. During this period, the baby becomes more mature and can cope with food of a thicker consistency than mother's milk.

Feeding a baby at 6 months should be fortified with meat. It is boiled ground in the form of meatballs. Cereals (oatmeal, rice or buckwheat) can be added to the resulting broth. This soup, pre-ground in a blender, will suit your child's taste.

Seven months

The basis of the baby's nutrition at this age is mother's milk or infant formula. However, feeding a child at 7 months should be enriched with cereals, fish and meat dishes, kefir and cottage cheese, fruit and vegetable puree. Before giving the baby unusual food, you should track the reaction to it. This requires the gradual introduction of each new dish. In this case, the first portion should be small. In the event that there is no deterioration in appetite or allergic reactions, as well as problems with the digestive system, the amount of complementary foods can be increased.

Eight months

At this age, the child is actively familiar with a variety of complementary foods. However, breast milk should not be excluded from his menu. The table that describes how the baby is fed by month is for evening and morning breastfeeding. In the rest of the hours, the baby can already be given complementary foods.

At eight months, the baby will be happy to eat:
- Assorted cereals in water or in cow's milk;
- Turkey, rabbit and chicken meat;
- fermented milk products (cottage cheese, kefir, etc.);
- meat broths;
- dryers or bread crumbs.
baby at this age - 5 times a day.

Nine month

During this period, the baby is already familiar with the taste of many cereals, all vegetables and a large amount of fruits. His diet includes several types of meat, kefir and cottage cheese. In this case, three feedings can be organized, consisting of vegetable dishes with meat (for lunch), porridge or fruits with cottage cheese (for dinner or breakfast). At the same time, the child continues to eat mother's milk.

Ten months

Breastfeeding should be maintained until the baby is one year old. In this case, he should have his mother's milk for breakfast. If this is not possible, then morning feeding should consist of kefir. The following foods should be included in a ten month old baby:
- porridge;
- liquid soups, boiled potatoes and noodles;
- cottage cheese casserole;
- berries and jam;
- meat and fish, not only boiled, but also stewed;
- hard and processed cheese;
- vegetable, fruit purees, as well as juices;
- dried fruit compote and herbal decoction.

Eleven to twelve months

Nutrition at this age is a responsible and important issue of concern to caring mothers. The baby's daily diet should be designed in such a way as to replenish the growing body with the amount of proteins, fats, mineral salts and carbohydrates it needs. For this, the child must be given a wide variety of food. In this case, you should not include starch, spices or food additives in your meals. At this age, you should not feed your child with nuts, chocolate, citrus fruits and Pediatricians do not recommend giving your baby fatty foods. There should be no large pieces in dishes prepared for an eleven month old baby. Everything that a child is fed with must have a puree-like consistency. It is best if the food is cooked or steamed.

Update: December 2018

From the moment a child reaches one year of age, his nutrition gradually expands and changes. But this does not mean at all that after a year the child needs to be transferred to adult nutrition, his digestive system is not yet ready to digest many products of the adult diet, and the enzymes of the pancreas and bile are not yet fully functionally active.

Nutrition for children under one and a half years old

The nutrition of the child after 1 year of age changes, gradually and smoothly approaching the table of adults. What are the features of nutrition after a year:

• children become more active and tidy at the table, they learn to use cutlery, drink from a cup, use a napkin
• children actively drink water with food, doing it repeatedly during a meal
• children can eat in motion, it is often difficult to keep them at the table, and they periodically run up to the mother, take pieces of food, and continue to move, spin in a chair, scatter food
• show selectivity in food, can sort out food, throwing out of the plate what, in their opinion, tasteless, arrange "strikes", demanding certain food.

These are the features of children's eating behavior, all parents go through these stages of the formation of the child's taste and eating habits.

Usually, after the age of one year, children switch to five meals a day. Typically, a child's diet looks like:

• Breakfast (8.00-8.30)
• Second breakfast (10.30-11.00)
• Lunch (12.30-13.00)
• Afternoon snack (15.30.-16.00)
• Dinner (18.30-19.00)

In between meals, there may be small snacks with fruits or light desserts, juices, compotes. It is important not to give children high-calorie foods (sweet cookies, rolls, sweets, chocolate, sweets) during these snacks so that the child has an appetite for the next meal.

Usually, children in the first year of life receive breast milk or adapted milk formulas as their main food. The baby's nutrition after 1 year of age undergoes some changes, especially from the type of feeding:

• When breastfeeding mother's milk is gradually replaced during the daytime by complementary foods and becomes additional food. But, according to WHO, breastfeeding after a year does not need to be completed, it is advisable to continue it up to one and a half to two years, gradually and smoothly weaning the baby. In the period up to a year and a half, breastfeeding can still persist in the daytime before bedtime and as snacks between meals, gradually feeding is reduced to sucking on the breast for a night's sleep and at night, as well as latching on to the breast not for nutrition, but mostly for communication and calming ...
• When the child is on adapted formulas, there is a transition to C-grade mixtures, special dairy products, which are designed to replace cow's milk at this age, which is not recommended in the diet of young children due to its high allergenicity. The mixture is mainly given at night, being replaced by regular foods during the day.

Why is the diet of children changing. Features of the digestion of children.

Expansion of the diet and a change in dietary regimes is due to the peculiarities of the development of the child's digestive tract. After a year, active teething of the chewing group occurs (there should be 12 of them), there is a sharp increase in the concentration of digestive juices and the activity of intestinal and pancreatic enzymes. This helps to facilitate the digestion of new and denser food, its active assimilation.

The appearance of teeth requires an increase in the chewing load on them for the correct and complete formation of the dentoalveolar apparatus and the skeleton of the face. A child at this age learns to chew pieces of food about 2-3 cm in size and a relatively loose consistency. Chewing helps in the development of the muscles and bones of the jaw, which forms the correct bite and complete chopping of food for its active digestion.

• The child begins to consume large amounts of food in view of an increase in the volume of the stomach up to about 250-300 ml, while his emptying from food occurs approximately every 3-4 hours from the moment of the previous intake.
• This leads to the formation of a new regimen of food intake, at first five meals a day, and as they grow older - the transition to four meals a day by the age of three.
• The volume of food per day at this age is about 1200-1300 ml, the volume of an average portion of food with five meals a day is approximately equal to 250 ml with slight deviations in the range of 30-50 g.
• The consistency of food with the appearance of teeth should gradually thicken from mushy to the usual soft food (boiled vegetables, cereals, pasta, meat patties, meatballs, etc.), which can be bitten and chewed.

During this period, food habits and food addictions are formed, so now is the time to offer the child a variety of (permitted, healthy) foods for testing, so that he learns to eat different foods. When eating, digestive juices are actively produced, which helps in the active assimilation of food. At this age, strict adherence to the diet is important, which helps to "turn on" digestion by a certain time and adequately assimilate all food components.

Features of cooking for young children

• food must be fully thermally processed, food must not be overcooked, preferably steam cooking or simmering
• food is prepared directly for its intake, it is unacceptable to heat it up and store it even for a day in the refrigerator, this sharply reduces its nutritional value and increases the risk of spoilage, contamination with dangerous microbes and food poisoning, especially in the warm season
• soups and cereals are cooked in mashed form, vegetables and fruits are kneaded with a fork, meat and fish are given in the form of minced meat, chopped products or soufflé
• dishes are prepared in boiled, stewed or steamed form without adding spices, garlic and pepper to them.

Basic requirements for the diet of children

The nutrition of a child under the age of one and a half years should be:

• correct and balanced in all main components
• the menu should be varied, compiled for the week with different dishes and products
• verified for proteins, fats and carbohydrates, vitamins and mineral components.

This is achieved by a combination in the daily diet of vegetables and fruits, meat or fish dishes, dairy products, flour products and cereals.

It is important to immediately decide what foods the child can eat, taking into account the state of health and features of early development.

During the first year of life, the child could have been diagnosed with food allergies or individual intolerance to foods, which in the period up to two to three years will exclude these foods from the diet. As they grow older, they can be carefully introduced into the diet under the control of tolerance.

Comparative characteristics of the diet up to 3 years

You also need to know what products a child under the age of one and a half years can eat, and what the main characteristics of food for children should have. Here is a sample list of these products.

Essential products for a child under one and a half years old

About dairy products

Dairy products should be an indispensable component of the diet of a child under one and a half years old. However, the most important question for today is? The baby's gastrointestinal tract is not able to fully assimilate whole milk until 2 years of age, since there are still no necessary enzymes (some of them do not produce this enzyme in the future throughout their life). In this regard, the introduction of whole cow's milk is not recommended earlier than 2-3 years. In addition, today there is a massive allergization of the population, especially among children, including an increasing number of cases of development. You need to be especially careful with milk:

• children with atopic dermatitis
• in the presence of milk intolerance by the parents of the child
• children with digestive disorders.

Breastfed babies do not need whole cow's milk by definition, they get their mother's milk. For children on artificial mixtures, it is better to replace the intake of cow's milk with special milk mixtures, C grade, fermented milk products.

Dairy products are rich in easily digestible animal protein, animal fat, as well as a set of vitamins and minerals necessary for the growth and development of the baby. Fermented milk products contain beneficial bacteria that help the intestines work, support the growth and functioning of its own microflora and stimulate the immune system.

• Daily should be in the diet of dairy products - kefir, yogurt, yogurt
• Every other day - cottage cheese, cheeses, sour cream or cream
• For children with normal body weight, the intake of low-fat or low-fat dairy products is not recommended.
• The daily volume of dairy products, taking into account their costs for cooking, is at least 400 ml.
• The consumption of milk in cereals, cottage cheese in dishes, sour cream and cream in dishes is taken into account.

It is worth considering the fact that today in Russia many manufacturers in order to reduce production costs include palm oil in dairy products, which is much cheaper than milk fat, and it is not always indicated in the product labeling (or simply vegetable fats are indicated). Therefore, very cheap dairy products (butter, cheese, sour cream, cottage cheese, etc.) most likely contain it. Disputes about the dangers and benefits of palm oil have been going on for a long time, and there is no need to say unequivocally that it is harmless to the child's body.

It is clear that the shorter the shelf life of the product and the fresher it is (today, yesterday), the better. In the summer, there are a lot of cases of poisoning of babies with dairy products, the same curds, sour cream, yoghurts, since in the heat, due to the negligence of retail chains, it is not uncommon for goods to idle without a refrigerator (transportation, storage, waiting for loading, unloading, etc.). Therefore, before giving your child a dairy product, make sure it is fresh, try the product yourself.

What dairy products can a child need

Yogurt

After a year, children need to be given special children's yoghurts, which are balanced in terms of the amount of fats and carbohydrates. They are prepared using a special yoghurt starter culture (thermophilic streptococcus and yoghurt (Bulgarian) stick). These yoghurts are not thermally processed, have a very short shelf life (they are stored only in the refrigerator), which allows them to retain their useful properties. Yoghurts with a long shelf life have either been thermally processed or contain preservatives; the intake of such yoghurts is highly undesirable for children. There are no beneficial bacteria in them, and additional components can harm the child's body.

Kefir

This fermented milk drink helps in the work of the cardiovascular system and intestines due to the content of special lactic acid microbes and bifidoflora in its composition. These microbes help the growth of beneficial intestinal microflora, which will improve digestion and immune function. At the same time, kefir has a high acidity and fixes the stool, especially when it is stored for a long time, its intake should be limited to 200-300 ml per day.

Cottage cheese

Cottage cheese is a source of protein and calcium for a child, but it is very difficult to digest due to the high percentage of protein. Therefore, the volume of cottage cheese per day should not exceed 50-100g. Only cottage cheese with a fat content of at least 5-9% will be useful for the full assimilation of calcium, zero-fat cottage cheese is not so useful, since calcium is practically not assimilated without the presence of fats. Cottage cheese can be consumed in its pure form or with the addition of fruits; high-calorie and protein dishes are no longer given at one time with cottage cheese.

Cheese, sour cream and cream

These products are recommended to be given to a child in limited quantities or to be used in the preparation of meals for children. Sour cream and cream are often given as a dressing for soups or main courses, and cheese can be added to side dishes. As the teeth erupt, you can give your child pieces of unsalted hard cheese to chew.

A fish

In the diet of children, the use of fish dishes is recommended once or twice a week. Children under one and a half years old are allowed such types of fish as cod, hake or pollock, pike perch, sea bass, but if the child is allergic, it is worth giving up fish for at least 2-3 years. Fish can be offered in the form of children's specialized canned fish, fish soufflé, boiled fish with a side dish or steam cutlets.

Fish is good for children because of the easily digestible protein and a set of vitamins and minerals, iodine and fluoride, phosphorus and calcium, which are useful for the growth of the skeleton and teeth. But, fish broth soups are strictly forbidden at this age - extractive and harmful substances from the fish carcass pass into the broth during cooking.

Meat

• Meat is the main source of animal protein for the baby and should be on the baby's table at least five times a week.
• Different types of meat and poultry can be introduced into the diet of children in the amount of 100 g.
• Meat dishes can be minced meat, meatballs, steamed patties, or canned meat for children.
• It is important to remember that meat is digested for a long time and it must be introduced in the first half of the day - at lunchtime.
• After a year, the diet expands with offal - tongue, liver, heart.
• Also useful are poultry and rabbit, turkey, lamb.

Lard, lamb and fatty pork, meat of waterfowl wild birds and animals are excluded from the diet of young children. It is strictly forbidden for children under 3 years old to introduce sausages and sausages, wieners, even with children's markings (most often children's names on them are the tricks of manufacturers, these are ordinary sausages and wieners). Children's sausages must bear the inscription “specialized product for baby food” and indicate the child's age (for sausages, this is usually 3+).

Egg

Eggs are a source of protein; in addition to protein, they contain many useful amino acids, trace elements and vitamins. Eggs are given to the child every day after a year, in the absence of allergies or pathologies of the biliary system. You can add an egg to dishes or give it hard-boiled, make a steam omelet from it. It is forbidden for young children to give soft-boiled eggs or in a bag, fried eggs. If you are allergic to chicken egg white, quail eggs can be an excellent alternative. They can be up to 2 pieces per day.

Oils

In the diet of children, there should be enough fats in the form of vegetable oils and butter. Butter can be served with a soft bun in the form of a sandwich, or added to ready-made cereals and vegetable purees so that the butter does not undergo heat treatment and does not lose its beneficial properties. The amount of butter per day is not more than 10-15g.

Vegetable oils are used for cooking and dressing ready meals, dressing salads and vegetable dishes with them. It is better to use non-refined oils - virgin olive, sunflower. The norm of vegetable oils is not more than 10 g per day.

Cereal dishes

After a year in the diet of children, both gluten-free cereals (buckwheat, rice and corn) and those containing gluten (wheat, oats, rye) are used. Cereals are used both in the form of cereals and in the form of cereal side dishes for main courses. Buckwheat, corn and oatmeal porridge, multigrain porridge will be especially useful for children.

After a year, you can gradually add semolina and millet porridge to the child's menu, but semolina should be given infrequently - it is very high in calories. Porridge is usually served for breakfast and their quantity is no more than 200-250 ml. The volume of the side dish for main courses should be about 100-150g.

Bread, pasta

Children of the field of the year can be offered bread made from white and rye flour, while white bread can be given up to 40 g, and rye bread no more than 10 g. White bread is digested better, an excess of rye bread can lead to bloating of the crumbs.

In the diet of children under one and a half years old, you can include baby vermicelli, spider web or egg noodles. The amount of pasta should not exceed 100g per day.

Vegetables and fruits

In the diet of children under one and a half years old, vegetables and fruits must be present without fail daily. They are a source of vitamins and minerals, pectins, fruit acids and sugars, as well as plant fiber to stimulate digestion. Vegetables and fruits are applicable both thermally processed (boiled, steamed, baked) and fresh.

Vegetables

The daily volume of vegetables and fruits should be up to 300-400 g, of which vegetables should be at least half of the volume.

Fruits

The range of fruits expands significantly after a year, but it is worth introducing local fruits according to the season and initially in small quantities, monitoring the reactions.

• Up to two years old, he is wary of strawberries and exotic fruits (citrus fruits, kiwi, etc.). The amount of these fruits should not exceed 100g.
• Berries of gooseberries, currants, raspberries, cranberries and others will be useful after a year. Shaped.
• It is worth giving up the use of grapes for at least two years, it leads to fermentation in the stomach and can give digestive upset.

Sweets

Until the age of three, you should not pamper children with chocolate, confectionery, sweets because of the glucose load of the pancreas, an excess of chemicals in these products, excess calories and the risk of dental caries. Also, do not use cream cakes, pastries and shortbread cookies. From confectionery, you can give marshmallows, marshmallows and marmalade.

Do not encourage the baby's cravings for sweets: it is not uncommon for parents to encourage their toddler to finish eating vegetables or meat and promise candy as a reward. The substitution of taste values ​​happens very quickly and the child will soon give preference to sweets instead of healthy food.

It is worth giving up sugar in the diet of children as much as possible, replacing it with honey (in the absence of allergies) or sweet fruits. Yes, of course, sweets are good for the brain, they are a source of fast carbohydrates and pleasure for children, but you should think about the long-term consequences of inappropriate sugar intake.

• When consuming sweets, glucose is actively and quickly absorbed into the blood from the intestines, increasing its concentration two to three times. Such sharp fluctuations in blood glucose levels lead to stress in the work of the pancreas in the production of insulin. Glucose is actively utilized in the tissue, where it is processed into fats, which leads to excess weight and metabolic shifts, which further adjust the body to work in an "emergency" mode.
• From early childhood, a propensity for atherosclerosis, diabetes and obesity is programmed.
• In addition, according to recent studies, an excess of sugar in food leads to a decrease in immunity, the elimination of useful microelements from the body - chromium, magnesium and copper.
• Also, sugar provokes the formation of allergies in the body of children with skin, intestinal and pulmonary symptoms.

Do not forget about the potential harm of sugar to teeth, especially milk teeth. Sweets, namely sugar, will be one of the main reasons for the formation of tooth decay in a child. Due to the anatomical and physiological features of milk teeth - delicate thin enamel, the absence of perfect defense mechanisms, caries acquires a lightning-fast course, and complications develop rapidly: of an inflammatory nature (pulpitis, periodontitis), as a result of which premature tooth extraction often occurs - pathology of the bite.

Caries is an infectious process, and some streptococci will be the main pathogens. The nutrient medium and habitat of which will be dental plaque. Sugars and sweets, especially sticky ones (cookies with a high content of margarine, "chupa-chups") create a sticky layer on the surface of the teeth, which is difficult to clean off and remains on the teeth for a long time. These conditions ensure the development of caries and its consequences.

In addition, carious teeth are permanent sources of infection, and can cause the development of tonsillitis, infectious diseases of the kidneys and other internal organs.

Our ancestors, who did not use sugar, but used honey and fruits as sweets, were much healthier than us. This suggests that from an early age it is worth controlling sugar consumption by limiting it or replacing it with more healthy natural products. And even more so, you should not give children drinks satiated with sugar (carbonated sugary drinks, cola, pepsi, store juices), and even more so, allow them to gnaw lump sugar.

Today, it is extremely difficult to control the consumption of refined sugar by family members, since it is found in many ready-made products on supermarket shelves and how much it is in a particular product is difficult to calculate. But it is worth cutting down on sugar consumption at least when cooking at home.

Let us repeat that ideally you should not give sweets to a child UNDER 3 YEARS OLD. If it doesn't work, at least limit its consumption to 4-5 teaspoons per day, taking into account sweet foods.

Sample menu for one day for a child 1.5 years old

• First breakfast: oatmeal with banana, white bun with butter, tea / milk
• Second breakfast: banana, apple juice, drying
• Lunch: cucumber salad with tomato and olive oil, vegetarian borscht, vegetable stew with steamed veal cutlet,
• Afternoon snack: cottage cheese casserole with apple, yogurt
• Dinner: mashed cauliflower and potatoes, kefir, cookies, apple.

It should be noted that the norms below are only an approximate amount that a child at this age can eat on average. But, for example, fragile, slender girls (little ones) eat much less boys, so if your baby eats less food, this is normal, do not panic. Each child is different and weight gain depends on the size and height of the child. To control the normal weight gain of the baby, you can use (boys and girls up to 115 cm) in our other article.

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