As we all know, Santa Claus is the main character in Christmas. He gives gifts to children. But why exactly he? I have repeatedly come across information that Coca Cola is to blame for everything, which in 1931 made Santa the face of its advertising campaign in order to multiply the sale of drinks in the pre-holiday period (soda was sold worse in winter).
But, I must say, the American artist Haddon Hubbard Sandblom, who worked on the advertising campaign for Coca Cola, did not invent anything new. He just worked on the image of Santa: he dressed him up in a red sheepskin coat and made him a cozy white-curly beard, and the fairy-tale image obtained as a result of simple manipulations perfectly took root in the mass consciousness. Yes, and Coca Cola would not use an unknown character to advertise.
Haddon Sandblom himself did not hide the fact that during his work he drew inspiration from a poem Clement Moore "Visit of St. Nicholas" or "Christmas Eve"(Almost like Gogol's!). Actually, the poem tells about Santa, who flies across the sky in a sleigh pulled by eight reindeer, and gives gifts to children.
The poem, meanwhile, was not just cute and childish, but also ... political! Yes, don't be surprised! The thing is that Clement Moore borrowed his character from Washington Irving, and the pedaling of the image of "a kind elf who brings gifts to children" was due to the fact that Protestants, unlike Catholics, were opposed to celebrating Christmas, because they considered this tradition a reference to the Catholic faith. So, Santa Claus became that compromise character who helped to shift the focus in the right direction and turn Christmas from a religious holiday to a family one. And it worked! Today, most of the kids associate Christmas only with Santa Claus, and in the cartoon "The Polar Express" the child was even forcibly taken to the North Pole so that he believed in a good grandfather with gifts.
SOURCES: WHY IS ST NICHOLAS EVERYTHING SO?
So who is Santa Claus? Of course, this is Saint Nicholas the Pleasure. And, if you study the life of the Saint, you will find a curious story there. One man had three daughters, but his father could neither save nor earn a dowry in order to give the girls in marriage. And then dad decided to hand over the girls to a brothel, they say, they still won't marry them, and they won't die of hunger anyway. Then Saint Nicholas threw three golden balls into the window of the house where the girls lived, and, thanks to the gifts, the young people were able to avoid a shameful fate.
Well, Santa's appearance is a reference to the bishop's vestments. By the way, in Croatia, where most of the population is Catholics, Santa Claus still looks like a real bishop.
CHARACTER EVOLUTION: THE DUTCH FOOTPRINT
The origins of the fact that it is Saint Nicholas who brings gifts to children for Christmas must be sought in the culture of the Netherlands and Belgium, where this character is called Sinterklaas... It was believed that every year he sailed by ship to the country from Spain and gave gifts to kids, but not on Christmas, but on the night of December 5-6 - on St. Nicholas Day.
Tellingly, Sinterklaas did it not on his own, but with the help of Black Pits - creatures that looked like mobs: with black curly hair, swarthy faces, lips with red lipstick and velvet suits. They say that they had a book with them, in which the bad and good deeds of the children were meticulously recorded, so that Pitas, going down the chimney into the house, could not only bestow the child, but also whip him with rods, if the balance between good and bad actions were in favor of the former.
In the photo: a girl in the form of Black Pete
By the way, rods are still an attribute of Christmas in Europe and are often sold at fairs. They are tied with scarlet ribbons and today are used for interior decoration, and now almost no one remembers that rods were originally a festive whipping tool for naughty Dutch children.
In the photo: gilded rods are part of the Christmas decor
But back to Sinterclass and Black Peet. Pete, you guessed it, is the ancestor of the Christmas elves, but with his own ancestors, it is not completely clear. They say that this image arose because of the Magi who brought gifts to the baby Jesus, it is not for nothing that he does not come to children empty-handed, and even a dark-haired, curly-haired one. The first mention of Pita dates back to the 18th century, where it is said about him as a servant of St. Nicholas, in fact, after that this image was entrenched in the popular consciousness. The tradition of hanging socks by the fireplace goes back to the Dutch custom of putting shoes by the fireplace - it was in them that "Black Pit" folded gifts.
SANTA'S IMAGE TRANSFORMATION
After the Reformation, they tried to ban the Day of St. Nicholas, but this did not lead to anything, the people continued to celebrate it at home, and the church gradually gave up on the dull population. Later, Washington Irving decided to ridicule the Dutch with their tradition of celebrating the day of Sinterklaas, and, thanks to this, Clement Moore learned about St. Nicholas, who wrote the same poem "The Night Before Christmas".
Everyone knows that Santa Claus gives gifts to good children and coal to bad ones. However, according to tradition, Saint Nicholas - the prototype of the famous Santa Claus - was accompanied by his faithful companion and at the same time the antipode - a horned monster named Krampus. It was he who was responsible for punishing disobedient children. Krampus is an integral New Year's character in the Alpine regions. People in the costumes of this terrible monster can be found on the streets during Christmas festivities.
How is this orc-like creature of the night even associated with Christmas? As you know, if children behave well, Santa Claus (or Santa Claus - who knows how) will bring them gifts for the New Year. With Krampus, the idea is the same, only he doesn't bring gifts. He is not interested in good children at all. He likes those who behave badly, because it is them that he can whip with his whip in the New Year. For some, this punishment is enough. However, some cultures have had their own characters to intimidate naughty children. One of them was Krampus - the thunderstorm of all naughty children. Remember the movie The Grinch Stole Christmas? Well, Krampus is somewhat similar to him. Only with a much nastier character. In Europe, it began to gain popularity, appearing in remote, isolated alpine regions a little over a hundred years ago. This was due in part to the popularity of the Christmas cards that depicted him in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The image of Krampus has changed little in recent years, one might even say that he has become scarier. The very name of this monster comes from the old Germanic word "krumpen". It means claw. Krampus is the incubus that accompanied Saint Nicholas. Only he does not give gifts to good children - he punishes the bad ones. On postcards of the early twentieth century, Krampus is depicted with a whip. It is with this whip that he "measures out" his Christmas punishment. Particularly in Austria, Krampus Night is still not forgotten. He is remembered on December 6 on the day of St. Nicholas. Young people (and today girls) dress up as Krampus and walk the streets of cities. Their goal is to scare children. And it looks like not only children.
The tradition of receiving gifts for New Years or Christmas is everywhere, however the characters who bring them to children can vary from country to country. It is true that American Santa Claus is rapidly gaining popularity overseas today, however, many countries still have their own unique New Year or Christmas characters, ranging from cunning gnomes to friendly witches. This article, as you probably already guessed, is dedicated to the legends of Santa Claus from around the world.Yolasveinary (Iceland)
The Yolasweinars (or Yule Guys) are a group of thirteen mischievous creatures who replace Santa Claus during the Christmas celebrations in Iceland. They appeared in the early 1930s, when an Icelandic writer penned a short poem describing their role during the Christmas season. Since then, the images of the Yolasveinar have undergone many changes, ranging from cute gift givers to annoying pests. For a time they were even considered bloodthirsty creatures that kidnap and eat children at night.
The Yolasweinars were distinguished by their playful character. Each of them played naughty in their own way. Ketkroukur, for example, used a long hook to steal meat, and Gluggagayir looked through the windows in search of things that could be stolen at night. Stekkjarsteyr loved to harass sheep; instead of legs, he had wooden prostheses.
However, the Yolasweinars could not only play pranks - they also gave gifts to children for 13 days before Christmas. Boys and girls who had behaved well throughout the year found nice gifts in their shoes thrown out of the door. Naughty children found potatoes instead of sweets.
Nisse (Scandinavia)
The legend of Niss can be found in the folklore of Scandinavian countries such as Norway, Finland and Sweden. Nisse used to be called the little dwarf-like characters who looked after the family farms. They were kind to people, but beat or in any other way took revenge on those who did not take good care of their household. Influenced by Christianity, Nisse eventually became associated with the traditional celebration of Christmas. Their appearance has changed; they acquired human features and became akin to Santa Claus.
Modern Nisse (or Joulupukki, as they are often called) are still very different from Santa Claus. They tend to be of normal build and ride on sleds that don't fly. Moreover, they do not live at the North Pole. The children are told that Nisse live in a forest near their homes. Also, Nisse do not bring gifts to children, entering the house through the chimney at night. Instead, a parent or relative changes into Nyssa and personally gives gifts to the kids.
Baby Jesus (parts of Germany, Austria, Italy and Brazil)
Baby Jesus is a traditional giver of gifts for children at Christmas in parts of the world where Christianity is the main religion. The Infant Jesus was popularized in the 1500s by Martin Luther, who hoped he would help eradicate what he called "the corrupt influence of St. Nicholas." Infant Jesus is usually depicted as a small, holy child with blond hair and angelic wings. Influence of the Infant Jesus as the main figure of the holiday began to fade with the growing popularity of Santa Claus. Unlike other gift givers, Infant Jesus has never actually been seen. Children were often told that he disappeared a few seconds before they appeared.
Belsnickel (Germany, Austria, Argentina, United States)
Belsnickel is a legendary figure who is popular in the central regions of Europe as well as some of the smaller Dutch communities in Pennsylvania. Belsnickel is Santa Claus's helper who oversees discipline. He is usually depicted as a tall character whose body is covered with hair. He sometimes wears a mask with a long tongue.
Everyone loves Santa Claus, but they are afraid of Belsnickel: in most regions, children are scared for them so that they behave well.
And although Belsnickel is presented as a negative character, in some regions he is not only responsible for discipline, but also gives gifts. In Germany, for example, on December 6, on the feast of St. Nicholas, obedient children receive sweets and small surprises. Those who misbehave for a year are given charcoal or switches.
Per Noel and Per Fuetard (France)
Per Noel looks like Santa Claus. However, unlike him, he rides a donkey named Gui (translated from French as "mistletoe"). On December 5, in some regions of France, St. Nicholas Day is celebrated. One of the figures of this holiday is Per Fuetar; they, like Belsnickel, scare naughty children. In the 1100s, Per Fuethar and his wife are said to have kidnapped and killed three young men and then made a stew out of them. After Saint Nicholas discovered the victims and brought them back to life, Fuetar repented of his atrocities and vowed to serve him with faith and truth.
Per Noel puts presents in the shoes left by the fireplace. If the child did not obey their parents, Per Fuetar brought him rusty chains and switches. In more violent versions of the story, he cut off the tongues of children who were caught in a lie.
La Befana (Italy)
Befana is a mythological character among Italians who looks like a witch. According to the most popular legend, she was a kind woman who sheltered and fed three wise men who went to worship the newborn Jesus Christ.
Outwardly, Befana looks more like a Halloween witch: she flies on a broomstick, wraps herself in a black shawl and carries a bag with gifts. She avoids people and, they say, can hit the child if he decides to follow her.
Like Santa Claus, Befana enters the house through the chimney to give gifts to the children. For naughty boys and girls, she leaves a piece of coal or ash.
Krampus (Austria, Germany and Hungary)
In the Alpine countries, Santa Claus's assistant is a terrible, bloodthirsty monster named Krampus. He punishes naughty children in various ways. It is believed that this character originated hundreds of years ago, but was banned by the church in the 19th century. Today in some regions of Bavaria and Austria on December 5, Krampus Day is celebrated. People dress up in scary costumes and walk the streets of the city, frightening passers-by. Some places even host Krampus festivals.
Krampus, as you probably already understood, did not give gifts. In traditional folklore, he beat disobedient children with a birch twig or gave them a stern warning. In more violent versions of the story, Krampus abducted the children by hiding them in a sack, which he later dumped into the river.
Sinterklaas and Black Pit (Netherlands, Flanders)
Sinterklaas is the Dutch version of Santa Claus. He wears a traditional red suit and white beard, has a jovial disposition and is argued by many to have had the greatest influence on the modern day of St. Nicholas. Unlike Santa Claus, Sinterklaas arrives in the Netherlands by steamer from Spain every year at the end of November. Upon arrival, he walks through the streets of the city, welcoming the kids. Sinterklaas has no elves: a little boy named Black Pete helps him give gifts. According to one legend, he was a slave (servant) of Sinterklaas. In other versions, he is presented as a daemon. Black Pete is now often described as a chimney sweep.
Unlike Santa Claus, Sinterklaas brings gifts to children on December 5th, on the feast of St. Nicholas. Children leave their boots and some carrots for Sinterklaas' horse for the night by the fireplace. If they obeyed their parents for a year, Sinterklaas gave them sweets and toys. To bad children, he left coals or bags of salt.
Father Christmas (UK, France, Spain, Portugal, Italy and many other countries)
Father Christmas had the greatest influence on the creation of the image of the modern Santa Claus and remains the main giver of Christmas gifts in the holiday legends of various countries. Father Christmas is very similar to Santa Claus, however their origin stories are actually slightly different. In the stories of the 17th century, he is portrayed as a cheerful old man dressed in a green robe. He was not a gift giver at the time. He was seen as a spirit proclaiming the good news and the embodiment of the joy and merriment of the Christmas holidays. Over time, Father Christmas merged with Santa Claus and Sinterklaas and began to play the role of a gift giver.
Modern Father Christmas is practically no different from Santa Claus in terms of the way of giving gifts. He rides a reindeer sleigh and sneaks into houses through chimneys to give gifts to obedient children, who often leave a treat for him. In some countries Greenland is considered the birthplace of Father Christmas, in others - Lapland, the former province of Finland.
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His image exists in almost all national traditions, and even Muslim countries have their own Khyzyr Ilyas - a good-natured old man in a red cap who brings gifts to obedient children, however, in mid-May.
Russia
Character: Santa Claus
Ded Moroz (Morozko, Treskun, Studenets) is a Slavic mythological character, the lord of the winter cold. The ancient Slavs represented him in the form of a short old man with a long gray beard. His breath is a violent cold. His tears are icicles. Rime - frozen words. And the hair is snowy clouds. The wife of Frost is Winter herself. In winter, Frost runs through the fields, forests, streets and knocks with his staff. From this knocking, crackling frosts freeze rivers, streams, puddles with ice. And if he hits the corner of the hut with his staff, the log will certainly crack. Morozko does not like those who tremble and complain about the cold very much. And to the cheerful and cheerful it gives bodily strength and a hot blush. From November to March, the frost is so strong that even the sun in front of him is shy.
Santa Claus first appeared in the USSR at Christmas in 1910, but did not become widespread. In Soviet times, a new image was spread: he appeared to children on New Year's Eve and gave gifts, this image was created by Soviet filmmakers in the 1930s.
Today in Russia there is the official residence of Father Frost - Veliky Ustyug.
Germany
Character: Santa Nikolaus and Weinachtsman
There are two winter grandfathers in Germany. One of them is Santa Nikolaus, who is inseparable from his servant Ruprecht, but he brings gifts (and not only gifts, but also rods for the guilty) to children not at Christmas, but on December 6, on the day of St. Nicholas. Ruprecht was "formed" insofar as in medieval Catholic schools in Germany a priest came to children with gifts, and the peasants, in turn, preferred to see an ordinary farm laborer in his place. So the farm laborer Ruprecht became, and the priest became Santa Nikolaus.
But on Christmas night itself, Weinachtsman comes to the German guys - an exact copy of the Russian Santa Claus. In Germany, Santa Claus appears on a donkey. Before going to bed, children put a plate on the table for gifts that Santa Claus will bring them, and put hay in their shoes - a treat for his donkey. Christmas in Germany is a family holiday. The family must certainly gather at the festive table. On this day, a gift exchange ceremony takes place, which even has its own name - Besherung. By the way, this is another reason to doubt the purely Christian origin of our grandfather. Most likely, in the image of Santa Claus, pagan and Orthodox traditions were mixed.
France
Character: Per Noel
And New Year's Santa Claus among the French bears the name Père Noel, which literally translates as Father Christmas. In France, Père Noël also comes to children not alone, but together with Chaland - a bearded old man in a fur hat and a warm traveling raincoat. Père Noel gives gifts to "good" children, and for the naughty and lazy, there are rods hidden in Chaland's basket. To placate Shaland, the children sing: “Shaland came to us in a pointed hat and a straw beard. Now we have plenty of nuts and delicious buns until the New Year! " New Year is celebrated in France, as a rule, not with family, but with friends. And not at a solemn family table, but in a restaurant or even just on the street among hundreds of sparkling firecrackers and fireworks, claps of champagne, laughter and music.
Great Britain
Character: Father Christmas or Father Christmas
In this country, where tradition is most valued, an indispensable attribute of the holiday is the Queen's short speech, which she delivers immediately after Christmas dinner. And before gathering at the festive table, the whole family goes to church. Children here order Father Christmas gifts (literally Father Christmas). He needs to write a detailed letter listing what he wants and throw it into the fireplace. The smoke from the chimney will deliver the wishlist straight to its destination.
In Great Britain, St. Stephen's Day is celebrated on the second day of Christmas, when special donation boxes are opened and their contents are handed out to those in need.
USA
Character: Santa Claus
Americans borrowed their traditions from Europe, because the New World came into being through the efforts of people who came from the Old World. Christmas trees are certainly decorated here, Christmas carols are sung, and traditional turkey is served. At Christmas, Americans usually drink egg-nog, an egg-wine drink (like a cocktail) with cream. American Santa Claus is called Santa Claus.
The name "Santa Claus" first appeared in the press in 1773. The image is based on Saint Nicholas of Merlikia. The first literary description of the image belongs to William Gilly, who published the poem "Santeclaus" in 1821. A year later, a whole verse account of the visit of Santa Claus appeared from the pen of Clement Clark Moore (a professional dentist). The current appearance of Santa Claus belongs to the brush of Handon Sandblom - an American artist who painted a series of drawings for the advertising of Coca-Cola in 1931.
Finland
Character: Youlupukki
In Finland (it is generally accepted that the New Year's wizards were led from there) the local dwarf Joulupukki visits the local children. This funny name translates into Russian as "Christmas goat". The fact is that the villagers, who carried gifts to their homes on Christmas night, wore goat fur coats.
Joulupukki lives inside the Korvatunturi hill, in the Kaikuluolat caves. He has big and sensitive ears, so he knows exactly which of the kids behaved well, who was bad and who wants to receive what gift. And on Christmas night, he comes to the children while they sleep and gives them gifts that are hidden in his cap. He brings the rods to the disobedient.
In general, in many countries the main winter characters come not only to give gifts to children, but also to punish them. In any case, this was the case until the middle of the 20th century, when Christmas grandfathers gradually began to “forget” about children's disobedience.
Sweden
Character: Yul Tomten
In Sweden, everyone expects gifts from the Christmas gnome, a bit like “our” brownie who lives underground in every Swedish house. His name is Yul Tomten. Snowman Dusty, mischievous mice, a prince with a princess, witches, the King with the Snow Queen and, of course, the ubiquitous elves help him in creating Christmas miracles. The latter, by the way, have a particularly hard time. In their small mine, they constantly mine gold for Christmas tree decorations and gifts. Those who come to visit Tomten are warned: “Watch your step! Little trolls are constantly scurrying along the paths. Don't step on them! "
Italy
Character: Babbo Natale and Fairy Befana
Babbo Natale (Babbe Natale) leaves his sleigh on the roof and enters the house through the chimney, where some milk and sweets are left for him "for reinforcement."
In addition to him, on New Year's in Italy, children were happy to wait for the fairy Befana, it was she who took care of the holiday in this country: she brought sweets, toys, and various things to good children. True, she was angry and harsh with the bad, “rewarding” them only with extinguished coals. The Italians believed that the stars were brought to Befana, she entered houses through the chimney and put gifts in stockings suspended from the hoods of the hearths. According to another version, the fairy arrives in a completely earthly way - on a donkey, laden with a bale of gifts, and ties it up near the house where the children live. While the animal is feeding, Befana unlocks the doors with a small golden key and fills the children's shoes with souvenirs and sweets.
China
Character: Shan Dan Laozhen, Dong Che Lao Ren or Sho Hin
China has its own Christmas grandfathers. Those who come to China at Christmas notice, first of all, "Trees of Light" - an analogue of our Christmas tree. They are decorated in an oriental way with bright and exquisite lanterns, flowers, garlands. Chinese Christians use the same decorations in the festive decoration of their homes.
Unlike Dutch children who stuff special wooden shoes with straw, where they find gifts on Christmas morning, little Chinese hang stockings on the walls, where Dun Che Lao Ren (Grandfather Christmas) puts his Christmas gifts.
Japan
Character: Oji-san, Segatsu-san or Hoteisho
In Japan, instead of Santa Claus, the main figure of the holiday is the god Hoteyosho. If all the other "brothers" of Santa Claus, even having something goaty in their name, are still quite humanoid and goaty in them - perhaps a beard, then Japan here, as in everything else, stands apart, and the god Hoteyosho has eyes ... on the back of the head.
Czech Republic, Slovakia
Character: grandfather Mikulas and Hedgehogs
There is Grandfather Mikulas in the Czech Republic; he, like the German Santa Nikolaus. Arrives on the night of December 5-6, on the eve of St. Nicholas Day. Outwardly, it looks like the Russian Santa Claus: the same long fur coat, a hat, a staff with a spiral top. Only now he brings gifts not in a sack, but in a back box. Yes, and it is not the Snow Maiden who accompanies him, but an angel in snow-white clothes and a shaggy imp. Mikulas is always happy to present good and obedient children with an orange, apple or some kind of sweetness (that is, something tasty and edible!). But if a potato or a piece of coal was found in the "Christmas boot" of a hooligan or a bum, this is definitely Mikulas.
How Mikulas gets along with another New Year's character Hedgehog is not clear and science does not know!
Hedgehogs (Hedgehogs) is probably the most modest New Year's character in the world. Throwing gifts into children's homes, Ezhishek makes sure that no one sees him. Apparently it is for this reason that nothing is known about the appearance of this good man. But, as soon as the Christmas bell tinkles on the tree, thousands of Czech and Slovak children rush to look at the gifts they have inherited. "Who brought this?" - Ask another foolish kid, "Hedgehogs!" - happy parents answer.
Mongolia
Character: Uvlin Uvgun
The whole family is in charge of the Mongols' New Year's economy. The head of the family is assisted by Zazan Okhin (Snow girl) and Shina Zhila (New Year boy). Uvlin Uvgun himself, as expected, is an excellent cattle breeder, and therefore he comes to the holiday in the traditional Mongolian clothing of a cattle breeder. Well, in order not to forget about business on New Year's Eve, from December 31 to January 1, the Mongols also celebrate the day (night !!!) of the cattle breeder.
Turkey
Character: Saint Nicholas, Noel Baba, Bishop of Merlicia
Saint Nicholas, Bishop of Merlikia ("Noel Baba") is one of the prototypes of all New Year's characters. A good miracle worker and persecutor of evil. Patron saint of abducted and lost children. Lived in 300 AD.
According to legend, Nikolai Merlikisky walked through the village past the poor man's house. And there the father was going to send his daughters to "study" the most ancient profession. Nikolai did not like this, and at night he threw three purses with gold into the house through the chimney (according to another version, three gold coins). They pleased them in girls' shoes, which were drying by the fireplace. The happy father bought a dowry for his daughters and gave them in marriage.
Uzbekistan
Character: Corbobo
Korbobo - On the eve of the New Year's holiday, he comes to his young friends on a donkey, accompanied by his granddaughter Korgyz. Instead of a fur coat, Corbobo is wearing a striped robe.
In other countries, Santa Claus is called:
Australia - Santa Claus
Austria - Sylvester
Altai Territory - Sook-Taadak
Belgium - Père Noel, Saint Nicholas
Brazil - Popeye Noel
Great Britain - Father Christmas
Hungary - Mikulas
Hawaii - Kanakaloka
Germany - Weichnachtsmann
Holland (Netherlands) - Sunderklass, Saite-Kaas, Sinter Klaas
Greece - Saint Basil
Denmark, Greenland - Uletomte, Ulemanden, Saint Nicholas
Spain - Papa Noel
Italy - Babbo Natale
Kazakhstan - Ayaz-ata, Kolotun Aga
Kalmykia - Zul
Cambodia - Ded Heat
Karelia - Pakkainen (Morozets)
Cyprus - Saint Basil
China - Dong Che Lao Ren, Sho Hing, Sheng Dan Laoren,
Colombia - Pope Pascual
Mongolia - Uvlin Uvgun
Norway - Julenissen, Nisse, Julebukk
Poland - Saint Nicholas
Romania - Mosh Jerilă
Savoy - Saint Chaland
USA - Santa Claus
Turkey - Saint Nicholas, Bishop of Merlikia, Noel Baba
Tajikistan - Ojuz
Uzbekistan - Corbobo
Finland - Yollupukki
France - Père Noel, Grandpa January
Czech Republic, Slovakia - Ded Mikulas and Yozhishek
Chile - Viejo Pascuero
Sweden - Jul Tomten, Jultomten, Kris Kringle, Yulnissan, Yolotomten
Yakutia - Ded Dyil
Japan - Oji-san, Hoteyosho, Segatsu-san
