Every hostess wants her home to be cozy, the cooked dishes are very tasty, and the set table looks impeccable. And table linen is an important part of serving. It is present in our daily life, but it acquires special significance in holidays when guests gather at the table.
There are several types of table linen, each item has its own functional and decorative purpose and makes a certain contribution to the decoration of the table.
What are the types of table textiles
Now, in order about each subject. We have a special relationship with the tablecloth, because in Russia since ancient times it was not only an everyday item, but also a kind of symbol of well-being. Therefore, it was often passed down from generation to generation.
Having survived millennia, the tablecloth today not only serves as a practical item that protects furniture, but is also an attribute that can decorate the interior, become a highlight in the design and serving of a family dinner or festive table... The size and configuration of the tablecloth depends on the shape and size of the table top. It should be borne in mind that in the classic version, its hanging part should correspond to the value - 20-30 cm.
An interesting and modern solution for table decoration is tablecloths or runners. This is nothing more than a narrow strip of fabric along the entire length of the table. They are laid either directly on the tabletop or on the main tablecloth, positioned along the center or diagonally.
Tablecloths are constant companions; napkins have become its integral addition. Nowadays, many housewives, setting the table, often use paper counterparts, forgetting that this does not indicate good taste. Etiquette dictates the use of only cloth napkins. By the way, by folding them in an original way, you can add a special flavor to the table setting.
The design of napkins and tablecloths can match exactly to form a consistent style. In this case, they often make up a kit. However, napkins are often worn as an independent artistic solution.
Naperon is another type of table linen. In fact, it is a textile product, which is a large top napkin, which covers the main tablecloth. The use of naperon is not only a practical side in protecting the tablecloth, but also a bright decor detail, but at home it is completely optional, like a buffet skirt - another element of table decoration.
The very name of the accessory buffet skirt eloquently tells that it is used to decorate the table on special occasions: for buffets and banquets. The fabric of the skirt is neatly placed in warehouses and attached to the table top, framing it around the entire perimeter. This decor is the prerogative of restaurants, but if you wish, you can use it to decorate the festive table and at home.
Table linen fabrics
The textile group of fabrics used for sewing table linen items deserves special attention as the products experience frequent washing and ironing. Unfortunately, there are no fabrics that are ideal in all respects, and modern table textile products are made from various materials. But the recognized leaders are flax and cotton.
Table linen made of cotton fabrics is wonderfully washed and is suitable both for daily serving and for special occasions. The disadvantages of cotton include high wear resistance of the material and significant shrinkage.
If we talk about linen fabrics, then they are practical and comfortable, have a subtle characteristic shine and look great in a product. Experts recommend using linen tablecloths for festive dinners. Since the fabric is hard enough to iron, and it wrinkles quickly, in everyday use such a tablecloth will not be very comfortable.
Nevertheless, it is better to choose mixed fabrics for table linen for daily use, in which natural and synthetic fibers are present. Or completely artificial, they are less easily soiled and are treated with water-repellent impregnations. Products made from them are excellently washed and hardly wrinkled. For example, polyester tablecloths with jacquard weave that do not have a seamy side have gained immense popularity.
For buffet skirts, so that the folds flow softly and beautifully, use lightweight fabrics, such as ajani or crepe satin.
Lace tablecloths and napkins have become a separate trend in table textiles. Thin and delicate products can bring special notes of grace and sophistication to the interior.
The Titov Brothers workshop can offer any execution of table linen, absolutely everything that your heart desires, with the exception of one - self-assembled tablecloths. Agree, here a person is powerless, and self-assembly can exist only in a fairy tale.
Napkins
Table linen- linen used during the meal.
Table linen requirements
According to the rules of good form, table linen should be kept in one colors and fit into the interior of the room where the dining table is located.
When choosing table linen, first of all, you should pay attention to the fabric from which it is made. According to their composition, fabrics are divided into three groups.
- Natural - 100% cotton, linen.
- Artificial - most often 100% polyester.
- Mixed - semi-linen, polycotton.
Although table linen made from natural materials is a classic, such fabrics wrinkle quickly. Therefore, it will be more practical to purchase table linen made of mixed fabrics. Despite the fact that blended fabrics include synthetics, they contain only 30% of them, so they feel similar to natural ones. In addition, blended fabrics are additionally impregnated with typhlon, so they acquire excellent performance properties - they absorb moisture well and withstand high temperatures. Artificial fabrics wash well, retain color, but they do not absorb moisture and do not tolerate high temperatures... They are mainly used for buffet skirts and restaurant tablecloths.
Table linen items
- Naperon
Table linen description
Naperon
A naperon is a piece of fabric that is used to cover the main tablecloth. It is also called a tablecloth or an upper tablecloth. Previously, naperons were used only in restaurants and cafes, now designers suggest using them in home interiors as well. Naperon perfectly decorates the table and at the same time protects the main tablecloth from contamination, thereby extending its service life. The tablecloth stays clean longer, it needs to be washed less often and thus its wear is reduced.
Tablecloth
The tablecloth is the main decoration of the table. Without it, the table will look dull, boring. In addition to the aesthetic purpose, it mutes the knock of dishes and cutlery against the countertop; any noise during eating is considered bad form. The tablecloth also prevents the plate from slipping on the smooth surface of the table. For example, roast beef is cut into pieces using a knife and fork. But if the plate is on a bare table, it will be very difficult to do this. The tablecloth is: rectangular, oval and round.
Napkin
A napkin is a hygiene product while eating. They put her on her knees, thereby protecting clothes from accidental splashes and crumbs. For this purpose, use a cloth napkin. Use a tissue paper to wipe your fingers and lips during and after meals. The table is decorated with napkins during serving.
Set is a small tablecloth. Its main purpose is the same as that of a tablecloth - dishes are placed on it.
Naperon usually made from thin fabric, but in texture and color suitable for the main tablecloth. It's a good idea to have multiple naperons for the same tablecloth. If there is a desire to change something in the interior, then it is easy to do it, changing just by napron.
The most elegant tablecloth- usually white. But it is only suitable for a special celebration, in everyday use it will be a lot of trouble. It is easily soiled and even a small speck will ruin its appearance. A colored tablecloth is perfect for everyday use. It will perfectly decorate the table, but its tone should be in harmony with the main color of the room. In addition, when choosing a tablecloth, one must also take into account the shape and size of the table. The edges of the tablecloth should hang down by at least 20 cm. Ideally, the overhang should be between 30 and 40 cm. A long overhang to the floor is suitable if the tablecloth serves only a decorative purpose.
To napkin kept its shape, it should be 35x35 cm or 45x45 in size. If the napkin is made from natural fabrics, you will need to lightly starch it after each wash. Napkins should match the tablecloth.
Set size should not be less than 30x40 cm to accommodate serving utensils for one person. Set can be rectangular, square and oval. For table setting, you can use different sets of shapes. For example, put an elongated set in the middle of the table, and put plates and glasses on square sets. But they should have the same color and pattern. Sets are made of textiles, wood and plastic.
Links
- Table etiquette rules, culinary portal Povarenok.ru
Since the time of Ancient Rome, the custom of hospitality has come to us. Cutlery was already held in high esteem by the Egyptians. And the ability to eat beautifully and quietly has always been considered a great dignity, an important element of the culture of behavior. Dining manners were not limited to the ability to use appliances and the observance of the rules of eating and drinking. An integral part of any dinner was a table conversation, which also obeyed the requirements of etiquette.
It was not accepted to lead at the table too serious conversations... At all times, it was believed that young people should be more silent, listening to the words of their elders. At the common table it was impossible to whisper, as well as laugh, so that no one could take it personally.
Many of these rules have survived to this day. Modern etiquette inherits the best customs of the past, the traditions of the behavior of all peoples. Modern man Communicates a lot with different people, spends time outside the home, which means that he does not eat at home. And at home, in the family circle, it is quite useful to skillfully wield a fork and a knife, to use a napkin correctly. Of all the unwise rules of behavior, many have learned only one: "When I eat, I am deaf and dumb." And it, by the way, is not the most important thing. It is equally important to know how to correctly arrange food on the table, how and in what order to serve them, how to take care of guests. To feel freer and more comfortable at the table, people have come up with cutlery, table linen and rules of conduct.
The appearance of the set table should induce appetite. In all cases - whether it is an ordinary family dinner, a meeting at the table of close friends or a festive evening with guests - the table should be laid with taste. Only a few rules are strictly defined. The rest is a matter of personal taste. The main thing is to be comfortable, neat and beautiful. On weekdays, it is quite acceptable that family members drink tea from their favorite cups at breakfast, and do not use the service. In a family circle, this does not matter. However, you should pay attention to how the table is set.
Rice. 92. Table setting with sets
Rice. 93. Fabric sets
For table setting, table linen is used: tablecloths, napkins, towels. Tablecloth- the main subject when setting the table. It can be anything. The main requirement for it is freshness. In some cases, tablecloths can be replaced with sets. Set- it is a small tablecloth or wooden, plastic support for dishes (fig. 92). The set perfectly protects the table surface from damage. To make a set, you can use a fabric (Fig. 93), which washes well and does not fade. For example, pieces of cotton or linen fabric that you left after making an apron will do. It is especially easy and quick to make a set using ready-made glue applications, braid, ribbons, cords, buttons, beads and other finishing materials. The suggested set options show how easy it is to personalize your products (fig. 94).
Rice. 94. Variants of decorating sets
Napkin, like the tablecloth, is an important table setting item. As a rule, the lips are not wiped with tissue napkins: they are placed on the knees. In this case, paper napkins are placed on the table. Paper napkins they are often preferred for daily use - they are hygienic and eliminate unnecessary washing. There are many options for folding napkins (fig. 95).
Rice. 95. Techniques for folding napkins
But in all cases, you should adhere to certain rules:
- linen napkins should be square;
- when folding the napkin, you need to touch it with your fingers as little as possible;
- all napkins on the table are folded in one way.
Basic terms and concepts
Etiquette, table etiquette, table linen, set
Questions and tasks
- What is etiquette?
- What is “table etiquette”?
- What types of table linen do you know?
- What is a set?
- What types of napkins are there?
Practical work 21.
Folding napkins in different ways
- Explore by study guide techniques of folding napkins (fig. 95).
- Choose 2-3 folding options for napkins.
- Folding the napkins.
Various types of table linen are used at OP enterprises. The main types of linen include tablecloths, napkins, hand brakes, towels. Table linen is made of linen fabrics, they are more durable and hygienic than cotton, the surface of linen fabrics is smoother, as a result of which they are less dirty, easy to wash, these fabrics are distinguished by their whiteness and silky shine.
Table linen.
Nowadays there is a wide variety of tablecloths from a wide variety of materials, different colors and shades. But the classic materials for them are linen and cotton. Linen is a good-quality fabric, very dense, which is easily wrinkled. Therefore, tablecloths are often made from mixed fibers - linen and cotton or linen with synthetics.
Linen or cotton tablecloths with shiny convex patterns are called damask. On the most solemn occasions, the table is covered with a white damask or plain tablecloth. This is the classic version; in addition to white, you can use light pastel tablecloths.
Colored tablecloths or tablecloths decorated with a colored pattern to match the tableware can be used for a tea table or dinner in an original style. It is customary to put only plain dishes on a colorful tablecloth.
Light colored tablecloths with patterns to match the dishes are suitable for any occasion. When choosing a color, one should also take into account its effect on a person: red and yellow tones are welcoming, blue and green - on the contrary, are coldish, restrained. Colorful printed fabrics create an atmosphere of joy in children's day birthdays, intricately embroidered - for the holidays. Buffet tables are also covered with a colored tablecloth. The checkered tablecloth is well suited for a coffee table. For a simple dinner, you can use tablecloths in bright, saturated colors - dark blue, green, red. Such a tablecloth requires a special setting and appropriate dishes.
The size of the tablecloth is of great importance. The tablecloth looks best if it hangs 15-25 cm from the edge of the table. It can hang more only if you need to hide the legs of a worn-out table or homemade goats. If the table is long and two tablecloths are needed, then the second is placed so that the outer joint is not visible from the entrance. For a round table, you can make a tablecloth-cover, consisting of a table-sized base and a "skirt". "Skirt" - is made of the same material as the base, but it is gathered or pleated, or made of material of a different color or texture. Double tablecloths in harmonious or contrasting colors look unusual. The lower, main tablecloth should hang from the edge of the table by 25-30 cm, and the upper one should cover only the table surface. For example, you can take a yellow tablecloth as the main tablecloth, and put a brown or blue one with a yellow pattern on top. The top tablecloth can also be lace or sheer (tulle).
A lining of one-color cotton flannel should be placed under a thin tablecloth. To make the lining lie flat, it is tied to the table leg with special ribbons.
In some cases, tablecloths can be replaced with sets. A set is a small tablecloth or a wooden, plastic dish support. Its size should not be less than 30x40 cm so that there is enough space for the dishes. The most practical and convenient are rectangular and oval-shaped sets. You can combine the sets: put an elongated set (track) in the middle of the table, and a square set with the same pattern under the plate.
With the use of sets, there are more opportunities for colorful table decoration. Any set can be effectively decorated with applique, oil paints or glitter paint. Homemade sets with colored paper appliques will appeal to children. A striped set with a set in harmony with it will look very noble. A two-color set with monochromatic dishes will brighten any meal
20.Tableware and cutlery. Classification, requirements for dishes.
At the enterprises of the OP, dishes of various types are used: porcelain, earthenware, ceramic, glass, crystal, metal, wood, plastic. The assortment and quantity of tableware are regulated on the basis of standards based on the type of enterprise, the capacity of the halls and the number of manufactured and sold products, the mode of operation, and the forms of service. The standards are determined taking into account the need for three and a half kits per site. This amount of utensils ensures uninterrupted and high-quality customer service.
Porcelain dishes are the most elegant, they are light, transparent, they are mainly used in restaurants, cafe bars with waiters. In restaurants and bars "luxury" and upper class use branded tableware, made to a special order. It has a trademark, an enterprise logo or a corporate picture.
Earthenware, unlike porcelain, is opaque, with thicker walls; mainly used in canteens, snack bars, cafes.
Ceramic dishes - majolica and pottery, clay is the main raw material for its manufacture. Majolica products are glazed on the outside. The pottery has a natural color. Ceramic and also wooden dishes are used, as a rule, for serving national dishes and drinks at specialized enterprises.
Metal utensils are used to prepare and serve hot snacks, first and second courses, hot sweet dishes and drinks.
Glass and crystal dishes are used for serving alcoholic and non-alcoholic drinks, desserts, fruits.
Plastic utensils are used to serve passengers in sea, air and rail transport.
Tableware must be hygienic, durable, comfortable in shape, of a certain size, of the same style. It is not allowed to use utensils with cracks, chips.
Cutlery can be made of cupronickel, stainless steel and aluminum. The most common appliances are stainless steel. Modern appliances - spoons, knives, forks - have a comfortable shape.
When serving banquets and receptions, tableware, cupronickel devices and high-quality crystal dishes are used.
Cutlery not only fulfills its direct functions, but also serves as a kind of indicator of the style and status of the institution. A table served with a full set of cutlery speaks of a sense of taste, quality, hospitality and respect for guests. The appearance of the devices determines the first impression of the guest and his mood in general.
The modern professional restaurant cutlery market offers a wide range of items of various designs and materials of manufacture.
The main criteria for assessing the quality of cutlery:
1. Convenience and practicality to use;
2. Product thickness;
3. Material and its properties;
4. Quality of processing and polishing;
5. Shape and design.
21. Equipment of the halls. Modern requirements for furniture. Arrangement of furniture.
Furniture is the main equipment of sales areas of public catering establishments. It should be comfortable, comfortable and flexible. outward appearance, style, form, arrangement to be in harmony with the architectural design of the hall. Furniture must be durable, as it is exposed to intensive use. So that the visitor does not feel uncomfortable, the distance between the top tabletop of the table and the seat should be 29 - 31 cm.
Tables for a restaurant differ from those used in other enterprises in size and finish of the countertops. Big sizes restaurant table covers are determined by a more complete serving, a wide and varied assortment of dishes. The most acceptable width of a restaurant table is 800-900 mm. The shape of restaurant tables can be square, rectangular and round.
Polyester countertops are widely used, which is resistant to temperature and moisture. More often, the table frame is made of metal for strength.
To ensure a stable position of serving items, reduce noise, and better preserve the dishes on the tabletop under the tablecloth, put on a cover made of fabric (cloth, canvas, bike) with laces or an elastic band. These covers are easy to change and wash.
Ancillary (service) tables. In the restaurant hall, waiters put trays and used dishes on these tables; on these tables, waiters lay out the dishes in full view of the visitors.
The banquet table is higher than usual (760 - 780 mm), its width is 1200 - 1500 mm. The optimal width of the buffet table is 1100 - 1250 mm, height - 1000 - 1050 mm, which makes it possible to use more complex serving. In the absence of special tables, banquet and buffet tables are rectangular or square. The most convenient for these purposes are special folding or folding tables.
Chairs or armchairs must correspond to the anthropometric data of a person, that is, they must have the correct height, width and depth of the seat. The comfort of restaurant chairs is ensured by the greater width and length of the seat, as well as by the presence of armrests. Chairs and armchairs can be on a wooden or metal base. Synthetic materials are used as a coating.
For bars, bar stools with a rotating seat, footrests, and sometimes a back and armrests are used. Sideboards are designed to store a small supply of dishes, cutlery, table linen, which are necessary for waiters in the process. The upper part of the sideboard is used as a side table. It has drawers and compartments. The most common sideboard dimensions are: height - 900 mm, length - 1000 mm, width - 450 mm. They are usually placed near the walls, taking into account the most convenient use when serving consumers.
Arrangement of furniture
The arrangement of furniture in the hall depends on the layout of the room, the location of doors, windows, columns, stage, dance floor.
Tables are arranged in straight lines, in a checkerboard pattern, forming groups of them - zones separated from one another by main and additional passages. Depending on the type of enterprise, the width of the main aisle must be at least 1.5 m in restaurants, bars and at least 1.2 m in cafes. Additional passages - not less than 1.2 m in restaurants, bars, not less than 0.9 m in cafes, as well as for access to certain places - not less than 0.6 m in restaurants and bars and 0.4 m in cafes. Each table is placed at such a distance from the neighbors, which would provide free passage to it for visitors and waiters. Tables, sideboards, armchairs should stand at a distance of 10-20 cm from the walls.
The chairs are arranged so that the seats are no more than half under the table at a distance of 0.5 m from the back of the chair to the edge of the table.
The halls use wall and semicircular sofas, which also have tables.
Square tables are usually arranged in a checkerboard pattern, which creates ease of service.
Round tables are usually installed with square tables; they give the hall a festive look.
Rectangular six-seater tables are usually placed along the walls or in the middle of the hall in combination with round and square tables.
Utility tables are installed in places most convenient for the work of the waiter. They are covered with special small tablecloths. At the side tables, waiters uncork bottles, put dishes, portion dishes. As a rule, the side table is placed close to the dining room so that the waiter can lay out the dishes in full view of the consumers.
The following requirements are imposed on the design of utility tables: they must be stable, lightweight and easy to carry. A shelf is arranged under the table top, and tables are installed on wheels to facilitate movement.
Sideboards are placed between groups of tables, more often near walls and columns, at the rate of one sideboard for one or two waiters. A small amount of tableware, cutlery, linen is stored in the sideboards.
For convenience in the work of waiters, home refrigerators are installed in the halls at the rate of one refrigerator for three to four waiters.
