Municipal government educational institution
"Nizhnemamonskaya secondary school №2
Verkhnemamonsky municipal district
Voronezh region "
Methodical development lesson
in social studies in grade 10 on the topic:
Family and life
Prepared and conducted:
history teacher and
social studies
Lukyanchikova E.V.
2011/2012 academic year.
Explanatory letter: This lesson is conducted in accordance with the social studies program (Social studies. Grades 10-11. Basic level. Information and methodological materials. Thematic planning... Authors: L.N.Bogolyubov, N.I. Gorodetskaya, L.F. Ivanova, A.I. Matveev - Voronezh, VOIPKiPRO, 2007. - pp. 33-34); textbook (Social Studies. Grade 10. Basic level / edited by L.N.Bogolyubov. - M .: "Education", 2010).
The topic of the lesson "Family and Life" is designed for 2 academic hours. This lesson is the first in the topic.
Lesson objectives:
Educational:
Give an idea about the main stages of the formation of family and marriage relations;
Find out what is the main purpose of the family as a social institution; why among the main social functions families primarily distinguish reproductive and educational;
Determine how society affects the family and what evolutionary changes occur with the family in modern society.
Developing:
Develop skills in analysis, synthesis and generalization of concepts and information using the example of compiling syncwine;
Continue the formation of creative activity, the ability to transfer well-known analogies to a new situation;
Continue teaching schoolchildren general educational skills: reasoning, storytelling from emotional and personal positions, solving cognitive problems;
To develop the ability to work in pairs, in a group, to lead a discussion.
Educational:
To contribute to the fostering of a culture of intra-family relations;
Continue the formation of a value attitude towards the outside world and the desire to correct their personal qualities.
Lesson type: combined.
Equipment: multimedia projector, electronic presentation, worksheets, documents: an excerpt from the German medieval epic "Song of the Nibelungs", an excerpt from "Domostroi", excerpts from the works of modern scientists A. Lazebnikova, Y. Gippenreiter.
The family is the crystal of society.
V. Hugo.
During the classes.
- Organizing time:
The readiness of students for the lesson is checked;
The teacher asks the question, "Imagine what we will be doing today"? Possible answers: study family problems, study basic concepts, work with documents. The teacher summarizes the students' answers and informs them of the purpose of the lesson.
II.Learning new material.
- What is family.
Teacher's word: Perhaps the most important thing that a person has is a family.
Scientists - researchers consider the family as the basis for the self-preservation of society. The family is a kind of barometer of the state of society.
The family is the subject of study in many sciences - demography, social psychology, history, pedagogy, economics, jurisprudence, sociology.
The family is investigated in 2 aspects:
- A family is a small social group based on marriage, consanguinity or adoption, linked by a common household, mutual help, and mutual responsibility.
- The family is the most important social institution that performs a number of basic functions in society.
- Family functions.
"Brainstorm" What are the main functions of the family? Pupils in groups define the main functions of the family, then they are voiced. The teacher ranks the answers, after which the "Family functions" slide appears on the board:
Reproductive
Educational
Economic and economic
Spiritual communication and leisure
Emotional
Primary socialization
Social status
Primary social control
Support physical health parents and children
Student message: Parenting Styles. Questions by post:
- What approaches to raising children have been named?
- Which one is preferable to you and why?
Each family is a kind of world based on continuity, traditions, emotions, feelings, certain values. The family plays a huge role in social progress. The family turns the girl into a wife and mother, and from the boy it turns into a father and a husband.
- Stages of the formation of marriage and family relations.
Diagram on the slide: Stages of the formation of marriage and family relations (according to L. Morgan):
Primitive state (disordered sexual intercourse);
Consanguineous family (marital relations were excluded only between ancestors and descendants, parents and children);
Paired (monogamous) family (monogamy was established):
1.patriarchal (traditional)
2.democratic (partner)
4. Patriarchal family.
Working with sources Questions to the documents:
-What are the main features of a patriarchal family?
- Why does this type of family arise earlier?
- In the German "Songs of the Nibelungs" the heroine, in response to Gunther's statement that he married her to a certain knight, declares: “You don’t need to ask me: as you order, so I will do. Whom you, sir, give me to be my husband, with whom I will willingly be engaged. "
- Fragment from Russian "Domostroy":“Execute your son from his youth, and he will give beauty to your soul. And do not weaken, bey the baby: Ashe, beats him with the rod, he will not die, but he will be healthier ... Daughter to Imache: put your storm on them. " « The wives of their husbands inquire about all prosperity ... And what the husband punishes, then accept with love, with fear of heed and do according to his punishment. "
An example of a patriarchal family from Russian history:
Family of the last Russian emperor Nicholas II (student's short message).
5. The modern family.
Completion of task 1 in the worksheet: work with the text “Fragment of the work of A.Yu. Lazebnikova " Question to the text:
- What features of the modern family does the author name?
After listening to the answers, the slide "Traits of the modern family" appears on the board:
Separate residence of parents and children;
Reducing the number of children compared to the patriarchal family;
Weakening of ties with relatives;
Increased social activity of women.
"Brainstorm": work in groups:
- Indicate the positive consequences of the increased social activity of women;
- Indicate the negative consequences of the increased social activity of women.
After listening to the answers, a slide appears on the board "Growth of social activity of women"
Positive consequences:
Economic independence;
Meeting the need for individual development and self-realization;
Many industries are unthinkable without female labor (education, medicine, services);
An educated and professionally held woman is highly respected by her loved ones.
Negative consequences:
Few children;
Weakening of intra-family ties;
Combining professional and social activities with family responsibilities can result in a double burden for a woman;
Some men perceive the increased activity of women as undermining their own position in the family and society, this can cause conflicts in the family.
Problematic question:
- Do you think a woman should work or be a housewife?
6. The crisis of the modern family.
Modern civilization has advanced far along the path of the development of the individual's personal freedom; freedom is often given preference over mutual responsibility and family cohesion.
Problematic issues:
- Many scientists believe that the modern family is in crisis. What do you think, in sanctuary it can manifest itself?
- Out of every 10 children in orphanages, only 2 do not have parents. What do these numbers indicate?
The teacher organizes the answers: The family crisis is as follows:
The increase in the number of divorces;
An increase in the number of single-parent families;
Increase in the number of premarital and illegitimate children;
Mutual alienation of family members;
Weakening the educational influence of parents on children;
Increase in the number of "civil marriages" (cohabitation).
Sociological survey results: Cohabitation: "for" and "against" are presented by students who have received a preliminary assignment.
Question: What is your personal attitude towards "civil marriage"?
Informal family relationships often lead to difficult psychological problems. The story of Pablo Picasso and Françoise Gilot.
At the same time, the family is the highest value, and in order to strengthen it, the governments of many countries are taking measures of state support for the family.
Student message: "State support of the family in modern Russia: what needs to be done in this direction and what is already being done."
Conclusions:
The future of the Russian people largely depends on how many children appear in each young family and how they grow up. Your family will probably be among these young families in a few years. And you personally will be able to contribute to the future generation of the country, its moral character.
Try to realize the fact that it is you who are responsible for connecting generations. Something that is a family value is destined to live exclusively with your caring attitude, which is subsequently passed on to your children. Your life and the life of your parents will continue in their personality, in their future families.
III... Summing up the lesson:
Anchoring:
- Determine the functions of the family on the basis of a reproduction of the painting by F.P. Reshetnikov "Two Again"
- Determine the type of family based on the reproduction of the painting " Unequal marriage"VV Pukirev.
- Completing assignments 2-6 in worksheets.
- Cross-checking and grading.
D / s: writing syncwine for the concept of "family", in the next lesson syncwines are used to activate knowledge; paragraph 18 in the textbook, working with the document in the textbook on pages 205-206.
Used Books:
Social science. A textbook for 10th grade students of educational institutions. Basic level / edited by L.N.Bogolyubov. - M .: "Education", 2010.
Korneva T.A. Social science. 10-11 grades. Lessons in teaching skills. - Volgograd: "Teacher", 2007.
Lazebnikova A.Yu. and others. Unified State Exam 2009. Social Studies. - M .: "Education", 2010
I made a test and ask you to check for errors, if any, thanks in advance. 1. A social community that is differentunstable character, is called:
2. A social community based on territorial unity is called:
3. A stratum is:
a group of qualified professionals
group of people distinguished by their participation in the process of creating wealth
Social stratum of people with similar economic indicators
4. Prescriptions, requirements and wishes of appropriate behavior are called:
Social norms
traditions
5. Social mobility is a phenomenon that is largely related to:
To an industrial society
to a post-industrial society
to traditional society
6. The forms of social control are:
arts and education
Norms and public opinion
education and norms
public opinion and art
7. The manifestation of social inequality is:
electoral qualification
The presence of estate privileges
receiving a pension
difference in income
8. Moral norms:
provided by the power of the state
Regulate human communication and behavior
9. Which of the following sanctions falls under the classification of informal positive?
10. Social differentiation presupposes:
immutability of social relations
Lack of social homogeneity
full equality in rights and property
11. Resolving interethnic conflicts in modern world promotes:
state of emergency
Negotiation process with the involvement of mediators
timely use of force
12. An increase in people with behavioral disabilities occurs during periods of:
Radical social change
strengthening the state's fight against crime
evolutionary development of legal norms
13. The main social function of the family is:
mutual responsibility
material well-being
the moral support
Birth and upbringing of children
14. The main socio-economic indicators, which are the basis for the division into strata:
power, income, worldview
Income, power, prestige, education
origin, income, marital status
15. Social conflict:
undermines the foundations of society
hinders social progress
Is an inevitable condition for the development of society
Part C.Taxes appear with the emergence of the state, since they represent the main source of state revenue. The state must have the means to fulfill its functions, the main of which are:
Determination of the rules for conducting economic activity "rules of the game" (antimonopoly legislation, supporting the development of the private sector of the economy, protecting property rights, protecting freedom of competition, protecting consumers' rights, etc.);
Maintaining economic stability (fighting inflation and unemployment, ensuring economic growth);
Production of public goods (ensuring security, law and order, education, health care, development of fundamental science);
Social policy (social security of the poor through income redistribution, payment of pensions, scholarships, unemployment benefits, etc.)
With negative externalities (environmental policy, etc.).
The means for paying government expenses, first of all, are taxes. Since the services of the state (which, of course, cannot be provided free of charge) are used by all members of society, the state collects payments for these services from all citizens of the country. Thus, taxes are the main tool for redistributing income among members of society and are aimed at reducing income inequality.
The tax system includes:
Subject of taxation (who should pay tax)
Object of taxation (what is taxable)
Tax rates (the percentage at which the tax is calculated) The amount at which tax is paid is called the tax base.
The principles of taxation were formulated by A. Smith in his great work "A Study on the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations", published in 1776. According to Smith, the tax system should be:
Fair (it should not enrich the rich and make the poor beggars);
Understandable (the taxpayer must know why he pays this or that tax and why exactly it);
Convenient (taxes should be levied when and in such a way, when and in what way it is convenient for the taxpayer, and not for the tax collector)
Inexpensive (the amount of tax revenues must significantly exceed the cost of collecting taxes).
The principles of fairness and efficiency are at the core of the modern tax system. The tax system should ensure the efficient allocation and use of resources at the micro level (the level of an individual producer). Equity must be vertical (meaning that people with different incomes must pay different taxes) and horizontal (meaning that people with equal income must pay equal taxes).
C2 What are the elements of a tax system? Illustrate the operation of a tax system with an example.
C3. Describe any three principles of taxation discussed in the text.
Capitalism, i.e. market economy is a system of social interaction and division of labor based on private ownership of the environmentproduction facilities. The material factors of production are owned by individual citizens, capitalists and landowners. Production in factories and farms is organized by entrepreneurs and farmers, that is, individuals or associations of individuals who are either themselves owners of capital, or have borrowed or leased from the owners. Characteristic feature capitalism is free enterprise. The goal of any entrepreneur, be it an industrialist or a farmer, is to make a profit.
Consumers are the real masters in the capitalist market economy system. By buying or refraining from buying, they decide who should own the capital and run businesses. They determine what should be produced, as well as how much and of what quality. Their choice translates into profits or losses for the entrepreneur. They make the poor rich and the rich poor. Such owners are not easy to get along with. They are full of whims and quirks, they are fickle and unpredictable. They do not give a penny to the previous merits. As soon as they are offered something that suits their taste or is cheaper, they leave the old suppliers. The main thing for them is their own benefit and satisfaction. They do not care about the money costs of the capitalists, or the fate of the workers who lose their jobs; as consumers, they stop buying what they bought before.
When we say that the production of a certain good A does not pay off, what do we mean? This indicates that consumers no longer want to pay producers how many topics are needed to cover the necessary production costs, at the same time the income of other producers turns out to be higher than production costs. Consumer demands play an important role in the allocation of productive resources between various industries in the production of consumer goods. Consumers, therefore, decide how much raw material and labor will go into making A and how much another product will require. It makes no sense, therefore, to oppose production for the sake of profit and production for the sake of consumption. The desire for profit forces the entrepreneur to supply consumers with those goods for which there is a demand in the first place. If the entrepreneur was not guided by a profit motive, he could produce more goods A, despite consumer preferences for something else. The drive for profit is the factor that makes the businessman most efficiently ensure the production of the goods most preferred by the consumers themselves.
Thus, the capitalist system of production is an economic democracy, where every cent has a say. The consumer is the sovereign people. Capitalists, entrepreneurs and farmers are empowered by the people. If they do not meet the assigned task, if they are not able to produce the goods demanded by consumers with the minimum cost, they lose their positions. Their responsibility is to serve consumers. Profits and losses are the instruments by which consumers control all types of economic activity.
Using the text, give three explanations of the author's idea that the consumer is the master of the market
According to opinion polls, the average age at the beginning of labor activity in European countries at the end of the 19th century was 11 years, and in the middlepast - 25 years. The reason for the significant change in the age of entry into working life is associated, first of all, with
1) the crisis of the family and family values that arose in the XX century
2) a slowdown in the pace of social development
3) lengthening the training period and vocational training
4) the growth of dependent sentiments in the youth environment
Help answer just 2 questionsSocial structure of modern Russian society
TI Zaslavskaya is a modern Russian economist and sociologist.
Russian society consists of four social strata:
upper, middle, basic and lower, as well as ... "social bottom". The upper layer means, first of all, the really ruling layer ... It includes the elite ... groups that occupy the most important positions in the system of government, in the economic and security structures. They are united by the fact that they are in power and the ability to directly influence the reform processes.
The second stratum is called the middle ... While this stratum is too small ... These are small entrepreneurs ... the management of medium and small enterprises, the middle echelon of the bureaucracy, senior officers, the most qualified ... specialists and workers.
The basic social stratum is very massive. It covers more than two-thirds of Russian society. Its representatives have an average professional and qualified potential and a relatively limited labor potential.
The base stratum includes a part of the intelligentsia (specialists), semi-intelligentsia (assistants to specialists), employees from technical personnel, workers in the mass trade and service professions, as well as a large part of the peasantry. Although social status ... the interests and behavior of these groups are different, their role in the transition process is quite similar. This is primarily an adaptation to changing conditions in order to survive and, if possible, maintain the achieved status.
The structure and function of the lower layer seems to be the least clear. Distinctive features of its representatives are low activity potential and inability to adapt to the harsh socio-economic conditions of the transition period. Basically, this stratum consists either of elderly, poorly educated, not too healthy and strong people who have not earned sufficient pensions, or those who do not have a profession, and often a permanent occupation, the unemployed, refugees and forced migrants from areas of interethnic conflicts. This stratum can be determined on the basis of such characteristics as very low personal and family income, a low level of education, unskilled labor, or the absence of a permanent job.
... Representatives of the social bottom are criminals and semi-criminal elements - thieves, bandits, drug dealers, brothel keepers, small and large swindlers, hired killers, as well as degraded people - alcoholics, drug addicts, prostitutes, vagabonds, homeless people, etc.
Sociology in Questions and Answers / Ed. prof. V. A. Chulanov. -
Rostov-on-Don, 2000. - S. 167–168.
Questions and tasks to the text:
1. On the basis of what criteria, in your opinion, is this structure of modern Russian society formed? Give reasons for your answer.
2. Is it possible in modern Russia to change one's belonging to a particular social group? Give an example to support your answer.
State support for families is also carried out in Russia: additional leaves have been established (in connection with the birth of a child, for caring for small or sick children, etc. " for example, transferring pregnant women, as well as women with children under the age of three, in accordance with medical requirements, to lighter work without reducing wages) and etc.
HOUSEHOLD RELATIONS
In the process of everyday life of people, everyday relationships are formed. Domestic relations are a stable system of everyday non-production ties between people regarding the satisfaction of their primary needs (food, clothing, housing, maintaining health, caring for children, as well as communication, recreation, entertainment, physical and cultural development).
Based on your life experience, you can give examples of everyday communication and joint affairs of neighbors, young people or elderly people living in the same yard, and, of course, family members.
One of the aspects of the scientific study of everyday life is the study of the time spent on satisfying everyday needs.
On average, it takes about 300 hours per year for one person to cook at home. For women, this occupation takes up 40% of the time spent on housework. A lot of time is spent on washing and ironing (on average 58 hours per year), on buying goods for the family (about 500 hours per year).
Another aspect of studying everyday life is the responsibilities of spouses. Among young married couples, 17% of husbands cook dinner (20 years ago none of them did), 55% wash their clothes, 35% go out with their children, 16% accompany their children to Kindergarten or nurseries, 80% buy groceries, 58% wash the dishes, 9% go to school and check the lessons of children. This indicates an emerging trend of more active participation of men in household chores. At the same time, the duration of domestic labor for women is, on average, incomparably higher than for men. Women devote 36 hours a week to domestic work and men altogether 13 hours. One in three young husbands and one in five middle-aged spouses do not do household chores. These numbers are thought provoking. After all, a fair distribution of household responsibilities between spouses, mutual assistance in everyday life is one of the most important moral foundations of the existence of a modern family.
In many families, the problem arises of the responsible participation of children in household chores: cooking dinner, cleaning the apartment, etc. Research proves that only with the active participation of children in organizing family life does their personality develop, the principles of respect, equality, and mutual support are learned. Mutual assistance in the process of household work gives family members a sense of community, a "feeling of being together", responsibility for each other and for the family as a whole.
Household relations depend on the methods of housekeeping. In modern society, there has been a tendency to reduce the cost of labor and time to meet household needs through the use of modern household appliances. This is typical for both urban and rural families, despite significant differences in the way of life of villagers and townspeople. In contrast to rural areas in cities, enterprises, institutions and organizations of consumer services, or, in other words, the sphere of consumer services, are more developed. It includes consumer services factories with branches and reception centers, various pavilions for household use, repair shops, rental points, sewing ateliers, dry cleaners, laundries, hairdressers, and a photo studio.
The sphere of everyday life is closely intertwined with the spheres of trade, health care, transport, leisure, social security, utilities and other services. In modern conditions, domestic life and the service sector are interrelated and mutually reinforcing areas. And if in the narrow sense the term “everyday life” is used as a synonym for home life, then life in the broad sense of the word is a non-production area of everyday life, directly related to the satisfaction of material and spiritual needs, the reproduction of a person, ethnic group, and the country's population as a whole.
Once upon a time, baking went from domestic life to the production sphere. Partially shifted to the sphere of public household services cooking, washing clothes, cleaning, sewing clothes and some other household chores. It is becoming more and more common to buy partially prepared food - semi-finished products. Today, the main goods used in everyday life are the result of social production.
A well-established life improves health and mood, frees up time for joint outdoor recreation, visits to theaters, cinema, exhibitions, professional development, spiritual and physical improvement of adults and young family members.
The life of a modern person is complicated by technical progress, which has increased the rhythm of life, increased nervous tension, mental stress. Most of the time a person spends in a closed room, and this negatively affects physical and mental health. A more perfect organization is needed to meet the everyday needs of a person. The development of the sphere of everyday life is becoming an important social task.
THE HOUSE WE LIVE IN
Home in the life of every family means more than just a roof over your head. Home is the relationship between the people living in it. These are traditions, habits. These are events, incidents, meetings, partings. Home is a special area of culture.
Reading the literature about the human environment, about his immediate social environment, you can come across the concept of topos culture. The word "topos" began to denote the place of residence. Therefore, topos culture means the culture of our place of residence.
Let's start the conversation about the place of residence with a few everyday sketches:
1. A man, returning home from work, smokes a cigarette in front of his door and throws a cigarette butt under his feet. He extinguishes it with his foot, opens the door with the key and enters the apartment.
2. One of the neighbors vigorously sweeps sand from the rug at her door to the middle of the landing.
3. A fashionably dressed girl squeamishly overturns a trash can and spills some of the garbage past the waste collection chamber.
4. Several teenagers bask in the winter in one of the entrances. They drink beer, make noise, leave empty bottles behind.
What do all these sketches have in common? You probably already guessed: all events take place near the apartments in which people who act in these situations live. And the behavior of both adults and young people does not at all express concern for their place of residence.
In the same row, you can put scenes from the life of an alcoholic, evidence of vandalism in relation to playgrounds and benches in the yard, screaming tape recorders, the owners of which think less about the neighbors, inscriptions and drawings in the elevator, on the walls of the entrance, reflecting the moral image of residents Houses.
We all had to observe something from this series. And probably, many of us ourselves, even if they did not behave in this way, then connived at those who so “decorate” our life. Let's see why this is happening.
Everyday life is the sphere most hidden from social control. More often than not, we are responsible for our actions only to our conscience. It is this circumstance that can give rise to a duality of morality: a person behaves differently in a production or educational team and at home, in a store, on vacation. And no one will make you stop, evaluate your behavior, except yourself. (Think: how do you behave in everyday life? Draw conclusions. Formulate a task for yourself for self-improvement "
It is not by chance that when answering the question “where do you live?” We name the street, the house, and only then the apartment. So what is our place of residence? And how do we feel about this place? What is the state of our street and courtyard, the entrance and the elevator, the pay phone at the corner of the house? Could the place where we live be more comfortable, clean, beautiful, green? Think: what in this improvement depends on our own efforts?
Modern architects and builders are solving the problem of creating a new type of housing and new development of residential areas. They strive to facilitate the management of households and provide cultural and social services to people. Many labor-intensive household functions are concentrated in service blocks and other premises located in the immediate vicinity of a residential building. The concept of "apartment" with its functional diversity seems to be expanding. Equipped courtyard areas and squares begin to perform separate functions of the apartment. But no one, except ourselves, is able to ensure respect for the place where we live. Only we ourselves can add beauty to our big house and teach our children to do it.
PRACTICAL CONCLUSIONS
In infancy and the entire preschool period, a person is brought up almost exclusively by the family, the life of the family. Here his inclinations receive their first food, here his sympathies, needs, interests arise, here his character is indicated ... a reflection of the life of the whole society.
Social successes and failures are brought into the family and are experienced here ... Here the father or mother breaks off his heart, which there, outside the home, had to be restrained ... , hunger strike, always contain a story about the deep traces left in them by the experiences they have experienced. But, in addition to such major events, everyday life is inevitably reflected in the warehouse. family life... He lives in public life with benevolence, mutual trust, joint work - and families live amicably, cordially, smoothing out the roughness of relations by mutual compliance, loving children.
Social life is developing not in a human way, but in a beastly way, according to the principle of the struggle for existence, with the pursuit of personal interests, and everyone seems to be dangerous rivals who must be avoided and made harmless - and in families they begin to squabble, instead of love you hear the defense of your rights, instead of affection and help - quarrels and abuse. Social licentiousness is always taken into families, the lowering of interests is reflected in family life. Instead of literary, aesthetic, social conversations, one hears speeches about cards, household chores, servants' tricks, profit, costumes, etc.
Detailed solution Paragraph § 16 on social studies for students of grade 11, authors L.N. Bogolyubov, N.I. Gorodetskaya, L.F. Ivanova 2014
Question 1. Why do people live in families? Who is the head of the family? What do we leave as a legacy to children? Where are the boundaries of our home?
The family is a social institution, the basic unit of society, characterized, in particular, by the following features:
Union of man and woman;
The voluntariness of marriage;
Family members are linked by a common life;
Entering into a marriage relationship;
Striving for the birth, socialization and upbringing of children.
A family, like any normal organism, needs a head and a heart. It is good when the good head of the father is in charge of the family, and the intelligent heart of the mother warms everyone in it.
We leave as a legacy to our children only two things - roots and wings.
Questions and tasks to the document
In infancy and the entire preschool period, a person is brought up almost exclusively by the family, the life of the family. Here his inclinations get their first food, here his sympathies, needs, interests arise, here his character is indicated ... a reflection of the life of the whole society.
Social "successes and failures are brought into the family and are experienced here ... Here the father or mother breaks off their heart, which there, outside the home, had to be restrained ... The family can in no way protect itself from life, and the memories of those who survived the invasion in their young years enemy, hunger strike ... But, in addition to such major events, everyday life is inevitably reflected in the stock of family life.Goodwill, mutual trust, joint work lives in public life - and families live amicably, cordially, smoothing out the roughness of relations by mutual compliance, loving children Social life is developing not in a human way, but in an animal way, according to the principle of struggle for existence, with the pursuit of personal interests, and everyone around seems to be dangerous rivals who must be avoided and made harmless - and in families they begin to squabble, instead of love one hears defense their rights, instead of affection and help - quarrels and abuse. compresses in family life. If there are families on which social morals and life have, one might say, an overwhelming influence, then there are those who protect the "holy of holies" from all kinds of stormy waves of the sea of life. Love and harmony live in these families ... they believe in goodness and truth ... In these families, children are joy ... corralled and neglected.
Question 1. What is the main idea of this text?
The life of the family, its morals, inclinations, ideals, affections, activities, entertainment, its entire warehouse, in turn, are a reflection of the life of the entire society.
Question 2. What is the social function of the family in the focus of A. N. Ostrogorsky? How does his description of this function complement the paragraph text?
The social function of the family - the family prepares a person for entry (entry) into society (society).
Social "successes and failures are brought into the family and are experienced here ... Here the father or mother breaks off his heart, which there, outside the home, had to be restrained ... The family can in no way protect itself from life, and the memories of those who survived the invasion in their young years enemy, hunger strike ... But, in addition to such major events, everyday life is inevitably reflected in the stock of family life.Goodwill, mutual trust, joint work lives in public life - and families live amicably, cordially, smoothing out the roughness of relations by mutual compliance, loving children Social life is developing not in a human way, but in an animal way, according to the principle of struggle for existence, with the pursuit of personal interests, and everyone around seems to be dangerous rivals who must be avoided and made harmless - and in families they begin to squabble, instead of love one hears defense their rights, instead of affection and help - quarrels and abuse.
Question 4. What conclusions can be drawn from the text read to understand the relationship between family and society?
Conclusion - the family is a small model of society.
Question 5. Why do you think this text, written about a hundred years ago, has not lost its relevance?
Because human psychology and his essence, education - have not changed.
QUESTIONS FOR SELF-TEST
Question 1. What is the main purpose of the family as a social institution?
The family is one of the most ancient social institutions. It arose in the conditions of a primitive society and acquired various forms at different stages of social development. So, from society to society, from era to era, social norms varied, prescribing the rules for choosing and the number of spouses, the role of the head of the family, the rights and obligations of relatives, the place of residence of a young family. Influenced by the economic and political development of society, cultural and national traditions the basic characteristics of the family also changed. But over time, the very social necessity of the family does not change. At all stages of social development, it is due to the need of society for physical and spiritual reproduction.
Another social institution is closely connected with the institution of the family - the institution of marriage. Marriage is a socially recognized form of relationship between a man and a woman for the purpose of creating a family. The institution of marriage regulates the relationship between spouses and determines their rights and obligations in relation to all family members.
Each family is a kind of world based on continuity, traditions, emotions, feelings, certain values.
The family plays a huge role in social progress. Thanks to her, the direct succession of generations is carried out. The family prepares the future wife and mother from the girl, from the boy - the father and husband.
Question 2. How does society affect the family? Give specific examples.
The role of women in the family has changed along with the change in the position of women in society: women's employment, education, and interests are increasing. Equality and mutual responsibility of spouses in the family is established. To support the family, additional leave is introduced in connection with the birth of a child, caring for small children, monetary benefits, special benefits, etc.
Question 3. List the functions of the family. Explain what they are.
The family always performs a number of social functions, among which, first of all, reproductive and educational ones are distinguished.
Let us dwell in somewhat more detail on the educational function of the family, since the social value of the family consists primarily in the spiritual reproduction of life, that is, in the upbringing of children. Raising children in a family is a big daily work, both physical (for example, when caring for the Kids) and mental (when, taking care of the spiritual development of the child, they talk with him, encourage the manifestation and development of certain moral qualities). Thanks to the family, the child receives the first labor and moral skills: he learns to help around the house, engage in self-service, behave according to certain rules, take care of parents and older family members.
The educational influence of the family on the child growing up in it is generally determined by family norms, values, and interests. Are memories, relics, traditions preserved in the family? Do young people know the history of their kind, their roots? Which roads do parents and children take: parallel or intersecting? How many intersection points do these roads have? What is the attitude of adults towards people, towards life? Which manifests itself more often: cynicism or humanity, optimism or pessimism, selfishness or attention to others, hard work or the desire to lead an idle lifestyle? What reigns in the family: shouting, picky, material reward for every step of the child, excessive indulgences or restriction of freedom, and maybe love, attention and care, the authority of the parents, moral assessment of actions?
The life of every family provides answers to these kinds of questions. And it determines the development of the child's habits and moral qualities, both positive and negative. They constitute a "social inheritance" that parents pass on to their children: style of behavior and communication with people, moral norms and life values. The health of the new generation, both spiritual and physical, is the stronger, the more marital and parental love in the family.
Other functions of the family include economic (housekeeping), economic (material support of the family), emotional (providing mutual psychological support and security for each family member), social status (inheritance of an individual's belonging to the same class, race, ethnicity, religious group, to which the family belongs), primary social control (determining the norms of behavior of family members in various spheres), spiritual communication and leisure (holding family holidays, hikes, evenings of rest, organizing family reading, etc.).
In different periods of a family's life, one or the other function takes priority. So, for a young family, among the priorities is the reproductive function, for the elderly - the function of emotional support, spiritual communication.
Question 4. Why among the social functions of the family in the first place are reproductive and educational?
Reproductive function is due to the need for the continuation of the human race. So that in 30 years the population of the country does not decrease, there should be at least two children in each family. According to statistics that include childless families and non-family people, to maintain the reproduction of the Russian population, it is necessary that 50% of families have three children. Unfortunately, at present, a significant number of families have only one child, which means that today in Russia even simple reproduction of the population is not carried out.
Raising children in a family is a big daily work, both physical (for example, when caring for the Toddlers) and mental (when, taking care of the spiritual development of the child, they talk with him, encourage the manifestation and development of certain moral qualities). Thanks to the family, the child receives the first labor and moral skills: he learns to help around the house, engage in self-service, behave according to certain rules, take care of parents and older family members.
The educational influence of the family on the child growing up in it is generally determined by family norms, values, and interests.
Question 5. What evolutionary changes are taking place with the family in modern society?
The world of the family is influenced by other social institutions, as well as social phenomena and processes: law, religion, morality, traditions, character social support families by society and the state. The family's condition is determined by social development. Therefore, it is no coincidence that the family is often presented as a unit of society.
In modern society, the family is undergoing qualitative changes. They are associated with global social processes industrialization, urbanization, not characteristic of pre-industrial (traditional, agrarian) society. Traditions, norms of behavior, the nature of relations between spouses, parents and children are being tested by life, sweeping aside the outdated and inappropriate for social development.
A change in the position of a woman in the family is associated with a change in her position in society. The professional and social employment of women is increasing. Their education is growing, their interests are expanding. In our country, more than half of all categories of workers are women. It should be noted that among specialists with higher and secondary specialized education, women are over 60%.
Traditional roles, when a woman is in charge of the household and raising children, and the husband is the owner, owner and provides economic independence, families are changing. There is a tendency towards the establishment of equality, mutual responsibility of spouses in the family. A family of a partner type develops, in which the authority of a woman as a person, mother, and wife increases. Such a family presupposes joint housekeeping by the spouses, raising children, and mutual support. The life of such a family is organized with the participation of all its members.
In connection with the processes of urbanization, ties between relatives are weakening.
There is a separation of the institutions of marriage and family. At present, family unity is less and less dependent on the pressure of society (laws, morals, customs, public opinion, traditions, rituals) and more and more - on interpersonal relationships, mutual affection, mutual understanding. The number of persons entering into legal marriage is decreasing. The number of actual, but not legally formalized "free" family unions and children born in them is growing.
The attention paid to the material support of children in the family (food, clothing, etc.) often significantly exceeds that directed to spiritual development... Adults do not communicate much with children - they have no time and far from always they have such a desire. The professional interests of men and women are becoming a serious competitor to family interests.
Question 6. How is a patriarchal family different from a partner-type family?
The economic and social independence of women is incompatible with the authoritarian relations of the old type of family - the patriarchal family. Remember: in a patriarchal family, power belongs to the head of the family - the father. All other family members unquestioningly fulfill his will. The role of a woman is reduced to giving birth and raising children, doing housework without keeping money.
Question 7. How, in your opinion, are family and everyday life interconnected?
Family and everyday life are inseparable components because in every family there is a life. Everyday life is what surrounds us .... household chores are in every family. Many families break up precisely because the role in the family of each was not agreed in advance; they face many everyday problems.
Question 8. Why is the development of the sphere of everyday life becoming an important social task? How is this problem solved?
In the process of everyday life of people, everyday relationships are formed. Domestic relations are a stable system of everyday non-production ties between people regarding the satisfaction of their primary needs (food, clothing, housing, maintaining health, caring for children, as well as communication, recreation, entertainment, physical and cultural development).
Based on your life experience, you can give examples of everyday communication and joint affairs of neighbors, young people or elderly people living in the same yard, and, of course, family members.
One of the aspects of the scientific study of everyday life is the study of the time spent on satisfying everyday needs.
Another aspect of studying everyday life is the responsibilities of spouses. Research data show that among young married couples there is a growing number of husbands who cook dinner, wash clothes, go for walks with children, accompany children to kindergarten or nursery, buy food, wash dishes. This indicates an emerging trend of more active participation of men in household chores. At the same time, the duration of domestic labor for women is, on average, incomparably higher than for men. One in three of young husbands and one in five of middle-aged spouses does not do household chores.
Many families face the problem of responsible participation of children in household chores: cooking dinner, cleaning the apartment, etc. Research proves that only with the active participation of children in organizing family life, their personality is formed, the principles of respect, equality, and mutual support are learned. Mutual assistance in the process of household work gives family members a sense of community, a feeling of being together, responsibility for each other and for the family as a whole.
Domestic relationships depend on the way of doing the household. In modern society, there is a tendency to reduce the cost of labor and time to meet household needs through the use of modern household appliances. This is typical for both urban and rural families, despite significant differences in the way of life of villagers and townspeople. In contrast to rural areas in cities, enterprises, institutions and organizations of consumer services, or, in other words, the sphere of consumer services, are more developed. It includes consumer services factories with branches and reception centers, repair shops, rental centers, sewing ateliers, dry cleaners, laundries, hairdressing salons, and a photo studio.
The sphere of everyday life is closely intertwined with the spheres of trade, health care, transport, leisure, social security, utilities and other services. In modern conditions, domestic life and the service sector are interrelated and complementary areas. And if in the narrow sense the term “everyday life” is used as a synonym for home life, then life in the broad sense of the word is a non-production area of everyday life, directly related to the satisfaction of material and spiritual needs, the reproduction of a person, ethnic group, and the country's population as a whole.
Once upon a time, baking went from domestic life to the production sphere. Partially shifted to the sphere of public household services cooking, washing clothes, cleaning, sewing clothes and some other household chores. It is becoming more and more common to buy partially prepared food - semi-finished products. Today, the main goods used in everyday life are the result of social production.
A well-adjusted life improves health and mood, frees up time for joint outdoor recreation, visits to theaters, cinema, exhibitions, professional development, spiritual and physical improvement of adults and young family members.
TASKS
Question 1. Can it be argued that an increase in the material well-being of a family always leads to an increase in the upbringing of children who have grown up in it? Argument your answer.
Material welfare is certainly good, but it is far from an indicator of a person's spirituality. Yes, maybe money will have a positive effect on the family, but in my opinion, this is unlikely. Most likely, this will either not affect morality, or it will affect negatively.
Upbringing does not depend on the material condition. Rather, increased family wealth negatively affects moral education... If parents do not impose moral restrictions. With unlimited financial support, a teenager can transcend behavior.
Question 2. Death from heart disease befalls people without families 3.5 times more often than those living with families. Traffic accidents with the former occur 5 times more often. Even at a relatively young age (20-30 years), the mortality rate among single men is 25% higher than among married people. What conclusions can be drawn from these statistics?
Previously, a family was the norm in society, and if you were not married and did not start a family, this was not welcome, such were the traditions. After all, when you grow up in a family and problems are easier to solve, there is someone to prompt, give advice, help. And now they are increasingly living in a civil marriage, and most of them even living in civil marriage think they are free. All this testifies to the fact that when a person lives alone leads a dissolute life, there is no one to slow him down (when he is married, it is usually his wife who does all the money into the house for the development of the family), and then there is no need to spend nothing only on himself, and as a result a person drinks more than looking for a soul mate.
Question 3. Out of every 10 children in orphanages today, only two have no parents. What do these numbers indicate?
This speaks of the low level of morality of the parents, they give birth to children, although they know that they cannot raise them.
Lack of moral principles, responsibility, There were many "cuckoos" -parents, played around and abandoned. Let others think, but they need problems.
The family always performs a number of social functions, among which, first of all, reproductive and educational ones are distinguished.
The reproductive function (from Lat. Productio - to produce) is due to the need for the continuation of the human race. So that in 30 years the population of the country does not decrease, there should be no fewer children in every family than parents. Unfortunately, the population of Russia is currently decreasing by about 750 thousand people annually.
The economic downturn has affected the birth rate. Most urban families have only one child. Today, even simple reproduction of the population is not carried out in Russia.
According to statistics that include childless families and non-family people, to maintain the reproduction of the population of Russia, it is necessary that 50% of families have three children.
The social value of the family consists, first of all, in the spiritual reproduction of life, i.e. in the upbringing of children (educational function). Raising children in a family is a big daily job, both physical (for example, caring for babies) and mental (for example, the spiritual development of children). Thanks to the family, the child receives the first labor and moral skills: helping around the house, certain rules of behavior, taking care of the parents.
The most important means of raising a child is the personal example of parents. The educational influence of the family on the child growing up in it is generally determined by family norms, values, and interests. The life of each family determines the development of the child's habits and moral qualities, both positive and negative. They constitute a "social inheritance" that parents pass on to their children: style of behavior and communication with people, moral norms and life values. The health of the new generation, both spiritual and physical, is the stronger, the more marital and parental love in the family.
Other family functions include:
1) household - maintaining the physical health of members of society, caring for children and elderly family members;
2) economic - receiving material resources of some family members for others, economic support for minors and disabled members of society;
3) the sphere of primary social control - moral regulation of the behavior of family members in various spheres of life, as well as regulation of responsibility and obligations in relations between spouses, parents and children, representatives of the older and middle generations;
4) spiritual communication - the development of the personalities of family members, spiritual mutual enrichment;
5) social status - the provision of a certain social status to family members, the reproduction of the social structure;
6) leisure - the organization of rational leisure, mutual enrichment of interests;
7) emotional - receiving psychological protection, emotional support, emotional stabilization of individuals and their psychological therapy.
In different periods of a family's life, one or the other function takes priority. So for a young family, among the priorities is the reproductive function, for the elderly - the function of spiritual communication.
For understanding the family as a social institution, the analysis of role relationships in the family is of great importance. The family role is one of the types of social roles of a person in society. Family roles are determined by the place and functions of the individual in the family group and subdivision, primarily into marital (wife, husband), parental (mother, father), children (son, daughter, brother, sister), intergenerational and intragenerational (grandfather, grandmother, elder , junior), etc. The fulfillment of the family role depends on the fulfillment of a number of conditions, first of all, on the correct formation of the role image. An individual must clearly understand what it means to be a husband or a wife, the eldest in the family or the youngest, what behavior is expected of him, what rules and norms are expected from him, what rules and norms are dictated to him by this or that behavior. In order to formulate his behavior, the individual must accurately determine his place and the place of others in the role structure of the family. For example, can he play the role of the head of the family, in general, or, in particular, the main manager of the material wealth of the family. In this regard, the consistency of this or that role with the personality of the performer is of no small importance. A person with weak volitional qualities, although he is older in the family or even in role status, for example, a husband, is far from suitable for the role of head of the family in modern conditions.
For the successful formation of a family, sensitivity to the situational requirements of the family role and the associated flexibility of role behavior, which manifests itself in the ability to leave one role without much difficulty, to be included in a new one immediately, as the situation requires, is also of no small importance. For example, this or that wealthy family member played the role of the material patron of other family members, but his financial situation has changed, and a change in the situation immediately requires a change in his role.
