Pregnancy is called the brightest, fabulous period in a woman's life.
However, in reality, it happens that the main character of this fairy tale has to endure a lot of suffering and trials on the way to her main goal.
Pregnancy does not have to be carried, but literally “bed up” in a hospital so that its outcome is successful. One of the common causes of a woman’s poor health and her “imprisonment” in the department of pathology of pregnant women is preeclampsia.
Doctors call preeclampsia a complicated course of pregnancy that occurs at any time and is directly related to the pregnancy itself, or rather, to the difficulty in the process of adapting the mother's body to a new state for it, threatening serious negative consequences for the health and life of the mother and baby.
A free translation of the term "gestosis" from Latin means "painful pregnancy."
Normally, pregnant women should not have any gestosis, and the development of a pathological condition at any time can.
Obstetricians and gynecologists characterize gestosis according to various criteria: by the time of occurrence, by severity, by the presence of concomitant diseases, by symptoms, etc.
As a rule, when diagnosing "preeclampsia", doctors mean the pathology of late pregnancy, as causing disruption of the vital organs of the mother and the normal development of the fetus.
Whereas preeclampsia of the first weeks after conception is less insidious and rarely threatens health future mother and her baby after the cessation of symptoms.
Classification by period of occurrence
Depending on the period, early and late gestosis are distinguished.
Early preeclampsia in pregnant women
Early gestosis of pregnant women begins up to 12 weeks and can last until the middle of the second trimester
Most often, this condition manifests itself in the expectant mother in the form of symptoms of intoxication of the body (toxicosis):
- nausea, vomiting and other unpleasant manifestations of the digestive system;
- intolerance to certain smells and food;
- loss of appetite;
- dizziness;
- salivation (sometimes more than 1 liter per day).
More or less pronounced disturb about 60% of expectant mothers. By the 20th week, by the time the placenta is formed, the unpleasant manifestations of toxicosis, as a rule, disappear.
However, there are also special, extremely rare forms of early gestosis:
- "Jaundice" of pregnant women
"Jaundice" of pregnant women (cholestasis) - usually develops after the 12th week from the moment of conception and manifests itself in the staining of the skin, mucous membranes in yellow, often accompanied by itching throughout the body.
In most cases, it is benign in nature, but can mask serious damage to the liver and kidneys, gallbladder, pancreas. The results of tests and medical supervision will help to understand.
- Dermatosis.
Dermatosis during pregnancy delivers a lot of discomfort due to the incessant itching of a local nature (usually in the external genitalia) or general.
Dermatoses can appear both as a result of the process of adaptation of the woman's body to the state of pregnancy, and as a result of exacerbation of diseases that cause itching (from allergic to infectious).
Manifestations of dermatoses occur in the form of urticaria, eczema, herpes and other skin lesions.
- Tetany of pregnant women.
It manifests itself in the form of convulsions that occur due to a violation of calcium metabolism, as well as due to some mental disorders and a tendency to convulsive syndromes.
- Osteomalacia.
Occurs due to calcium-phosphorus deficiency, means softening of bone tissue and manifests itself in the form of pain in the joints, limbs, aggravated by movement.
In most cases, early preeclampsia can be dealt with using modern methods of exposure and absolutely avoid unpleasant consequences for the course of pregnancy and fetal development.
Especially dangerous is preeclampsia in the second half of pregnancy (late preeclampsia), in which the layer of endothelial cells lining the inner walls of the vessels is damaged, resulting in vascular spasm.
This leads to difficulty in blood circulation in the body, which leads to dystrophic changes in organs and tissues, up to their death.
The kidneys, liver, brain and placenta suffer the most from hypoxia.
Violation of the functions of the placenta leads to oxygen starvation of the fetus and its lag in intrauterine development.
Most often, late gestosis occurs against the background of an already existing disease, which is exacerbated during pregnancy.
This form of pathological pregnancy is called "combined" preeclampsia.
Pregnancy complications are much less common in mothers who are not at risk for health reasons, but, nevertheless, this happens in about 10-30% of cases, it is called "pure" preeclampsia and has a more favorable prognosis in treatment.
Causes
The processes that occur during the development and progression of gestosis in a woman's body have been studied by physicians much better than the causes of its occurrence.
Since this pathological condition occurs only during pregnancy and disappears after it ends (or 2 days after childbirth), its connection with pregnancy is unambiguous and this is perhaps the only thing that there is no doubt about.
The causes of preeclampsia are trying to substantiate the followers of several theories.
- endocrine theory.
Because of this, the mother's body is unable to adapt to a stressful state - bearing a fetus. In addition, the hormonal relationship in the mother-placenta-fetus system is disrupted, which also leads to hormonal imbalance.
However, there are opinions that such hormonal disorders are not a cause, but a consequence of preeclampsia.
- immunological theory.
He explains the occurrence of gestosis by the fact that the immune defense of the mother's body is activated, perceiving the introduction of the embryo as a foreign formation with the production of appropriate antibodies to the antigens of the fetus.
Autoimmune compounds of maternal antibody molecules and fetal antigens lead to blood clotting in the vessels of the placenta, obstruction of blood flow in it, causing vasospasm. This leads to dysfunction of the placenta.
Similar processes involving complexes of antibodies and antigens also occur in the kidneys and liver, disrupting the adaptation of these organs and, in the future, their performance.
- genetic theory.
The theory is based on the results of studies that have proven that the tendency to preeclampsia is inherited. This leads scientists to believe that there is a gene that causes preeclampsia.
- Cortico-visceral theory.
The theory claims that preeclampsia develops due to dysfunction of the central nervous system, possibly due to frequent and prolonged stress.
This leads to an adaptive failure during pregnancy on the part of neuroendocrine interactions and ultimately leads to vascular spasms and impaired blood circulation in the organs.
The danger of preeclampsia for women and fetuses
Preeclampsia of early pregnancy usually has quite vivid manifestations and gives a lot of discomfort to the expectant mother.
However, in addition to feeling unwell and some discomfort in everyday life, in most cases it does not carry a serious danger and usually does not need treatment.
In rare cases, when vomiting attacks are repeated more than 7-10 times a day, accompanied by weight loss, and the general condition of the mother calls into question the successful course and outcome of pregnancy, the woman is hospitalized and prescribed special treatment aimed at increasing immunity, physiotherapy. And, as a rule, by the 16th week of pregnancy, attacks of nausea and vomiting disappear.
The insidiousness of late gestosis is that their course and development can be asymptomatic, and the consequences can be serious complications of pregnancy.
Complications late preeclampsia- preeclampsia, eclampsia, DIC. Among the causes of maternal death, preeclampsia ranks second.
Pathological changes in a woman's body with gestosis have a wide scope of their action. The most pronounced functional disorders in the kidneys, liver, utero-placental system, brain, lungs of the patient.
The danger to the fetus is gestosis indirectly, through the mother's body, in extremely severe forms. This is the risk of fetal hypoxia, intrauterine growth retardation, therefore, with gestosis, the state of the fetus is constantly monitored.
Also, we must not forget that the progression of preeclampsia always carries the risk of an unsuccessful outcome of pregnancy and forces physicians to decide on its early termination, which cannot pass without a trace for the health of the baby.
Symptoms
The mechanism of development of late preeclampsia is quite clear, therefore, the signs of the pathology of the second half of pregnancy are clearly defined:
- arising from disorders of the kidneys as a result of preeclampsia;
- due to fluid retention in the body and spasms of cerebral vessels;
- due to kidney damage in combination with a violation of the filtration functions of the liver, inhibition of its synthesizing functions.
In honor of this triad (edema, proteinuria, hypertension), gestosis of late pregnancy was called OPG-gestosis.
All symptoms found in a woman are assessed by severity on a three-digit scale. Based on the totality of the results, the severity level of the gestosis itself is determined.
As a rule, preeclampsia is expressed through a combination of two symptoms of varying severity.
Whereas for the diagnosis of gestosis, the manifestation of one, the very first of the symptoms, for example, edema of the extremities, is sufficient.
The simultaneous, to some extent, pronounced manifestation of all three symptoms is rare and means an aggravation of the severity of preeclampsia, called nephropathy.
If the symptoms of OPG-gestosis are accompanied by signs of increased intracranial pressure, which are detected during the examination of the fundus by an ophthalmologist, they indicate the development of a complicated form of nephropathy: preeclampsia.
The severity of preeclampsia and nephropathy is assessed in a similar way and depends on the degree of manifestation of OPG symptoms (for nephropathy) and pathological changes in the fundus (for preeclampsia).
1 severity
The mild form is characterized by the following features:
- swelling in the lower extremities;
- BP is not higher than 150/90 mm. rt. Art.;
- Protein in the urine or traces of protein.
From the side of the fundus: uneven calibers of retinal vessels.
Preeclampsia 2 severity
The average severity is characterized by the following symptoms:
- swelling in the lower extremities, anterior abdominal wall, upper extremities
- BP from 150/90 mm. rt. Art. up to 170/100 mm. rt. Art.
- protein in the urine more than 3 g / l.
- from the side of the fundus: retinal edema.
Third degree of severity
A severe form of late preeclampsia can be recognized when:
- edema spreads to the whole body, face.
- BP above 170/100 mm. rt. Art.
- protein in urine: 1-3 g/l.
- from the side of the fundus, hemorrhages in the retina, degenerative changes in the fundus are possible.
Self-perceptions of a woman in a state of preeclampsia can be different: of varying intensity and localization, visual impairment, confusion, symptoms of toxicosis, sinusitis, etc. etc.
With untimely medical measures taken to stop the development of severe forms of preeclampsia, there is a risk of its most dangerous stage: eclampsia.
Eclampsia is a serious violation of the functions of the central nervous system due to spasm of cerebral vessels, pathological changes in the functioning of vital organs and a condition fraught with disability or often fatal for the mother and baby.
Attacks of eclampsia are manifested by convulsions similar to epileptic ones, pallor of the skin, stopping the pulse, followed by a coma, after which, as a rule, the woman does not remember what happened.
A series of attacks following one after another is characterized as "eclamptic status". The severity of eclampsia is assessed by the number, duration of seizures and the length of the coma. Of course, the higher the degree, the less favorable the prognosis for the life of the mother and fetus.
Fortunately, the risk of developing eclampsia is now minimized (less than 1% of all pregnancies). Thanks to modern methods of diagnosing preeclampsia, a life-threatening condition can be predicted and prevented in time.
Diagnostics
Diagnosis of preeclampsia is carried out on the basis of clinical observations and laboratory data on the analyzes of a woman.
An appointment with a gynecologist for a pregnant woman always includes several diagnostic methods to exclude preeclampsia.
- Weigh-ins.
Regular weight measurements are needed to determine the period. If the increase exceeds the norm of 300 g per week and at the same time there is a pronounced puffiness of the limbs, body, face, we can talk about the appearance of edema.
This is not the norm, but a fairly common occurrence that can accompany a woman throughout the entire period of pregnancy.
- Measurement of blood pressure.
Blood pressure is measured on both arms, because. with vasospasm, there is a difference in performance. Current values are also compared with previous values to track hypertension (especially important for hypotensive patients).
- Analysis of urine
Analysis of data on the composition of the urine passed the day before, tk. even slight traces of protein in the urine require clarification of the reasons for its appearance.
- Patient complaints.
Nausea, vomiting, headache, dizziness, etc. may mask preclinical manifestations of preeclampsia.
If preeclampsia is suspected, the doctor will refer the woman for additional tests and examinations.
- General blood analysis.
Some indicators of blood clotting require attention: platelets, erythrocytes, the number of which decreases with the development of preeclampsia and fibrin / fibrinogen degradation products (FDP), the number of which increases with severe forms of preeclampsia and indicates the risk of DIC.
- Blood chemistry.
Indicators of the concentration of electrolytes (especially sodium) in plasma, which are responsible for water metabolism in tissues, the amount of total protein and its composition of its fractions in blood serum, which differ from normal, should be alarming.
As well as increased indicators of nitrogen metabolism: urea and creatinine, which signal a violation of renal functions.
- Biochemical analysis of urine.
The presence of bilirubin in the urine determines the violation of the liver and gallbladder.
- Daily analysis of urine for protein.
It is carried out when traces of protein are found in the general analysis of urine. It consists in collecting the entire volume of diuresis per day in one container, followed by laboratory analysis to determine the total loss of protein.
- McClure-Aldrich test to detect latent edema.
It is carried out if the weight gain over the period steadily exceeds the permissible norms, and there are no obvious edemas. Then 0.2 ml is injected under the skin of the forearm. saline and note the time of resorption of the papule ("tubercle" at the injection site).
If after half an hour when probing the papule is not detected, they conclude that there are hidden edema.
Timely diagnosis of late preeclampsia in the early stages of its manifestation makes it possible to prevent large-scale damage to the woman's organs and save the pregnancy, or to carry out a careful delivery in time to save the life of the mother and child.
Risk groups for the occurrence of gestosis
Special observation and a more detailed and thorough examination during pregnancy require women who are at increased risk of preeclampsia:
- by age:
- under 18 years old
- over 35 years old;
- according to social and living conditions:
- working in a hazardous industry
- living under conditions of high stress
- having bad habits;
- lack of weight due to poor nutrition;
- by the presence of extragenital diseases:
- having diseases of the kidneys, liver;
- having endocrine disorders;
- having cardiovascular diseases, etc.;
- by obstetric and gynecological predisposition:
- multiple pregnancy;
- polyhydramnios;
- genetic predisposition (severe preeclampsia in the patient's mother);
- previously experienced preeclampsia (regardless of the outcome of pregnancy);
- infantilism of the genital organs, etc.
- infectious diseases.
If at the initial appointment with the gynecologist, the expectant mother finds out that for some reason she falls into a group of increased risk of preeclampsia, then she should be prepared for increased attention from medical specialists throughout the pregnancy.
Special observation should be treated without irritation, and even more so without panic, remembering that all the actions of doctors are aimed at the benefit of her health and the unborn baby.
Treatment of preeclampsia during pregnancy
The measures prescribed by physicians, when signs of preeclampsia are detected in a woman, can only be called treatment conditionally.
Since a complete cure is possible only after getting rid of the culprit of the disease - the pregnancy itself. Therefore, the mutual efforts of the expectant mother and the medical staff are aimed at stabilizing the condition, preventing the progression of preeclampsia and the development of its severe forms.
The choice of methods of treatment, its intensity, duration depend on the severity of preeclampsia and the forms of its manifestation.
In mild forms of preeclampsia (excessive weight gain due to swelling of the legs), treatment is carried out on an outpatient basis, under the supervision of a doctor in charge of the pregnancy. The patient is prescribed a protein-vegetable diet with a feasible restriction of salt and a calm lifestyle.
If the severity of edema has not decreased, or has increased to 2-3 degrees, the woman is placed in a hospital, and herbal diuretics, vitamins that strengthen blood vessels and drugs that improve blood flow are added to the previous treatment.
In the treatment of nephropathy of 1-2 degrees, in addition to the above measures, drugs are prescribed that lower blood pressure, as well as sedatives on a plant basis, such as motherwort, valerian, etc., rarely - tranquilizers.
The state of nephropathy of the 3rd degree requires adherence to bed rest and intensive therapy with the use of a set of measures aimed at a smooth decrease and stabilization of blood pressure, removal of vascular spasm and hypovolemia.
And also to improve the functioning of the liver, kidneys, heart, brain activity, uteroplacental blood flow.
When nephropathy of the 3rd degree degenerates into preeclampsia and eclampsia, the efforts of doctors are aimed at relieving the symptoms of these conditions, after which it is recommended to prepare the woman for immediate delivery, as the only possible measure to save the life of the mother and fetus.
Prevention
Preventive measures should be carried out, first of all, in patients at risk.
The main methods of preventing late gestosis include:
- full sleep (at least 8 hours);
- regular walks in the fresh air;
- lack of stress and the creation of a pleasant emotional background;
- proper nutrition with the addition of a minimum amount of salt;
- treatment and prevention of chronic diseases of the cardiovascular system, liver, kidneys;
- normalization of metabolism;
- ensuring normal blood clotting.
It is advisable to start a course of preventive treatment at 14-16 weeks of pregnancy. The duration of a course of preventive drug treatment (taking antiplatelet agents and hepatoprotectors) lasts an average of 3-4 weeks.
Childbirth is the only way to cure preeclampsia, but even after the birth of a baby, mothers who have undergone preeclampsia are not in a hurry to be discharged from the hospital. Their recovery after childbirth is closely monitored, tests are taken, and drugs are prescribed.
You should not be upset, because it is much easier to prevent possible complications after suffering preeclampsia than to deal with an exacerbated disease. And the baby, who also had a hard time, will be under round-the-clock supervision. Very soon, all the troubles associated with pregnancy and childbirth will be forgotten and they will be replaced by memories of the first long-awaited meeting with your child.
Lecture #5
Topic 1.112. Nursing care in the pathological course of pregnancy: preeclampsia, extragenital pathology
Lecture plan:
1. Topic update
2. Definition of the concept: "preeclampsia of pregnancy", causes, clinical manifestations, principles of treatment and prevention;
3. Various types of extragenital pathology during pregnancy;
4. Principles of treatment and prevention of preeclampsia and extragenital pathology in pregnant women.
5. The use of medications in accordance with the rules for their use;
6. Nursing care in the pathological course of pregnancy: preeclampsia, extragenital pathology
Educational goals:
- To acquaint students with the definition of the concept of "preeclampsia of pregnancy";
- To form knowledge about the causes, clinical manifestations, principles of treatment and prevention of preeclampsia and extragenital pathology.
Relevance of the topic: V last years the role of the nurse has increased significantly, which makes special demands on her education, knowledge and practical skills. Nurse from a technical executor of doctor's prescriptions turns into an independently thinking employee, able to analyze the purpose and results of any procedure, as well as to predict possible complications.
During pregnancy, a woman's body undergoes significant functional changes that normally do not go beyond the physiological. In case of non-compliance with hygiene, diet or extragenital diseases of a woman, pregnancy often becomes pathological.
Lecture summary
The main types of obstetric pathology.
1. Diseases of the maternal organism arising in connection with the pregnancy itself (developing fetal egg) - early and late gestoses.
2. Diseases caused by abnormal development of a fertilized egg - bleeding in the first and second half of pregnancy.
Bleeding in the first half of pregnancy associated with abortion or miscarriage , violation ectopic pregnancy, chorionepithelioma .
Bleeding in the second half of pregnancy is associated with pathology of the placenta
ü placenta previa (lateral or marginal placenta previa - the placenta is located in the lower segment of the uterus, close to the pharynx; full presentation placenta - the placenta completely covers the pharynx)
ü premature detachment of a normally located placenta (PONRP)
3. Diseases that are not causally associated with pregnancy and that occur during pregnancy (hepatitis, influenza, anemia), or become aggravated during its development (exacerbation of chronic pyelonephritis) - extragenital pathology.
4. Obstetric pathology also includes pelvic anomalies (its various forms and degrees of narrowing).
5. Wrong provisions fetus (transverse and oblique).
6. Incorrect presentation of the fetus (pelvic)
7. Complications of childbirth :
Anomalies of labor activity - primary and secondary labor weakness, discoordinated labor activity, excessive or violent labor activity.
Untimely rupture of amniotic fluid:
ü premature;
ü early;
o belated.
8. Bleeding during childbirth (in 1,2,3 and early postpartum periods) may be associated with pathology of the placenta, poor contractile activity of the uterus, ruptures: of the uterus, cervix, vagina, perineum, vulva.
9. Pathological conditions of the fetus and newborn:
Fetal hypotrophy;
Fetal hypoxia;
Hemolytic disease of the newborn
Preeclampsia - there is a disease of adaptation of the mother's body to the presence of a growing fetal egg in the uterine cavity. This is a disease that occurs during pregnancy and goes away with its end.
Gestosis of pregnant women occurs only in humans and is the result of one reason - the presence of a fetal egg in the uterus. Clinically, gestosis manifests itself in various forms. This is due to the fact that the adaptive abilities of everyone are different: in some women, the adaptation of the body to new conditions (pregnancy) occurs quickly and completely, in others it is slow and imperfect.
Classification of gestoses.
By date of occurrence:
- Early gestosis(toxicosis) (I half of pregnancy):
Salivation
Vomiting of pregnant women
Uncontrollable vomiting of pregnant women
- Late gestosis(second half of pregnancy):
Dropsy
Nephropathy
Preeclampsia
Exlampsia
Rare forms of gestosis:
- Bronchial asthma pregnant women
- Jaundice in pregnancy
- Dermatoses of pregnant women
- Osteomalacia in pregnancy
Factors predisposing to the occurrence of gestosis are:
1) factors contributing to a decrease in the reactivity of the body;
2) extragenital pathology;
3) pregnancy under the age of 18 and age primiparous after 35 years;
4) overweight;
5) multiple pregnancy;
6) genital infantilism;
7) unbalanced nervous system;
8) early preeclampsia during this pregnancy;
9) preeclampsia of the 1st and 2nd half of pregnancy in history;
10) genetically determined vascular pathology.
All women with these factors are allocated to the high risk group for preeclampsia.
Gestosis of the first half of pregnancy.
Drooling (ptyalism) appears in the first 2-3 months of pregnancy and often resolves without treatment by the end of the 3rd month of pregnancy. In more severe cases, a woman loses up to 500-1000 ml. saliva per day. Abundant salivation leads to dehydration of the body, a depressing effect on the psyche of the pregnant woman, causes moceration of the skin of the lips and corners of the mouth.
Problems:
1) constant flow of saliva;
2) violation of a comfortable state;
3) sleep disturbance;
4) disability;
5) change in the skin of the lips.
Treatment: in mild cases, treatment is possible on an outpatient basis, in severe cases, the pregnant woman is hospitalized.
- Careful care of the oral cavity: rinsing with a decoction of oak bark, sage, chamomile;
- The skin in the corners of the mouth is smeared with petroleum jelly;
- Sucking mints - reduces salivation;
- With significant dehydration - infusion therapy, vitamin therapy.
Vomiting pregnant(in the morning on an empty stomach), from 5-10 times a day or more.
Distinguish:
1. mild degree vomiting - up to 5 times a day. The pregnant woman retains most of the food, the general condition hardly suffers, sleep is not disturbed, blood pressure and pulse are normal. Weight and diuresis are not significantly reduced.
2. Moderate vomiting- 5 - 10 times a day. The pregnant woman retains part of the food, there is a moderate weight loss, weakness, fatigue, decreased blood pressure, tachycardia, subfebrile condition, sleep disturbance.
3. Severe (excessive, uncontrollable) vomiting Occurs after every meal. A pregnant woman does not hold food, there is an aversion to food, weight progressively decreases, skin is flabby, dry - skin turgor decreases, tongue is coated, bad breath from the mouth, blood pressure is reduced, tachycardia 100-120 beats per minute, subfebrile temperature, sleep disturbance, in urine protein and acetone.
Problems and impaired needs will depend on the clinical form:
2) vomiting + insomnia;
3) vomiting + insomnia + anxiety;
4) a disturbed need to be clean.
As a rule, after the 12th week of pregnancy, the manifestations of early preeclampsia either completely disappear or significantly decrease.
Treatment: with 1 degree of vomiting - outpatient, with 2 and 3 degrees - in a hospital.
- Therapeutic-protective regimen and psychotherapy;
- Electrosleep - regulates the relationship between the cerebral cortex and the subcortical centers, where the vomiting center is located;
- Diet - thermal, chemical and mechanical sparing and fractional nutrition are observed after 2 hours. At 3 degrees - parenteral nutrition.
- Impact on nervous system(sedative therapy)
- Fight against dehydration, intoxication (infusion therapy, antiemetics)
- Restoration of metabolism and functions of the most important organs (vitamin therapy).
When conducting drug treatment for pregnant women with gestosis in the first half of pregnancy, care should be taken, given the possible embryotoxic effect. The terms of recovery depend on the thoroughness of the implementation of the doctor's prescriptions and the usefulness of the care. The test that determines the effectiveness of treatment is - stabilization or increase in body weight, normalization of body temperature and blood pressure, positive daily diuresis, decrease or disappearance of vomiting, decrease and disappearance of acetone in the urine. Upon recovery, the pregnant woman should be on special records, as relapses are possible.
Many pregnant women wonder why they need to be weighed at every appointment with a specialist in a antenatal clinic? Expectant mothers think that doctors are overprotective of them, considering weighing as an excessive interference in their personal lives, because it makes no difference how much a woman weighs. But the doctors are absolutely right: weighing helps in time to identify a disease that is dangerous for pregnant women - preeclampsia during pregnancy.
What is gestosis
Such an ailment as gestosis is considered a serious violation of the mother's body, and often leads to serious consequences: placental abruption, convulsions, seizures. Launched preeclampsia, self-medication is fraught with a delay in fetal development or death. The danger of the disease lies in the fact that it does not make itself felt for a long time. The easiest way to detect it is by simple weighing: a significant excess of a woman's weight is one of the signs of preeclampsia.
In the process of bearing a child, the maternal placenta begins to produce substances that damage the woman's vessels, as a result of which plasma protein begins to enter the muscle tissue, causing edema. Puffiness and becomes the cause of excess weight. Due to the rapid and constant loss of fluid, it is more difficult for the body to pump blood through the vessels, and blood pressure rises to normalize blood circulation.
High blood pressure, combined with edema that affects the limbs, face, placenta and brain, causes a sudden deterioration in the health of the pregnant woman. Puffiness impairs the oxygen supply to the body of the mother and fetus, which leads to convulsions, and in some cases to heart failure, heart attacks, pulmonary edema, strokes, retinal detachment, and placenta.
Preeclampsia is observed in every fifth woman who has given birth. More often, the disease manifests itself by the 34-35th week of pregnancy, but sometimes even earlier - already at the 20th week. Due to the fact that severe preeclampsia is dangerous for the mother and fetus, in many cases, doctors recommend performing a caesarean section or inducing premature birth. Symptoms of the disease disappear immediately after childbirth.
Types of gestosis in pregnant women
There are two forms of preeclampsia - in early and late pregnancy. Preeclampsia (toxicosis) at the 20th week is usually called early, and at the 28th - late. According to statistics, if a pregnant woman shows signs of early toxicosis, she will suffer from manifestations of preeclampsia in the later stages.
early
Nausea, vomiting and other symptoms of toxicosis are often found in a pregnant woman, so many no longer consider them a pathology. But this is not so: bearing is a normal state of the female body, a pregnant woman should not experience any ailments. Manifestation of ailments early dates pregnancy should be alarming, to clarify the situation and exclude the diagnosis of "preeclampsia", it is better to consult a doctor.
There are three degrees:
- Mild - attacks of nausea and vomiting no more than 5 times a day.
- Average - no more than 10 times a day.
- Severe - about 20 times a day and more often.
Late
This form is dangerous due to complications. There are four stages of late gestosis. The first stage, also called dropsy during pregnancy, is characterized by the appearance of edema. The first signs of edema are expressed by numbness of the limbs and fingers. When the fingers become numb, become naughty, it is impossible to put rings on them, it is difficult to bend and unbend. In addition to preeclampsia, the culprit of edema is chronic kidney and heart disease. Another common cause of edema during pregnancy is progesterone, which is intensively produced by the body of a pregnant woman.
To confirm the diagnosis of preeclampsia, a Maclure-Aldrich test is prescribed: a small dose of saline is injected under the skin, by the resorption of this substance, experts judge the presence of edema, which are hidden and visible. If there are 3 liters of fluid or more in the body, edema becomes visible. Puffiness develops as follows: first the feet swell, then the legs, thighs, abdomen, and finally the head. If swelling occurs, you need to urgently seek help.
The second stage, nephropathy, is a consequence of the first stage, dropsy. Due to the small amount of fluid in the vessels, a complication of the disease begins - an increase in pressure occurs. The consequences of such an increase in pressure during pregnancy are sudden bleeding, placental abruption, which sometimes lead to the death of the fetus.
The third stage, preeclampsia, is fraught with an increase in pressure to 160 to 110. As a result, a severe headache, flies in the eyes, vomiting, nausea, mental disorders and memory loss are constantly observed. Plasma protein begins to enter the urine, so preeclampsia during pregnancy is easy to detect with a simple urine test.
The fourth stage, eclampsia, is more dangerous than the others. Sometimes eclampsia begins immediately after nephropathy, and develops unexpectedly for a woman. Eclampsia during pregnancy manifests itself as strong pulling or small cramps. Seizures occur in fits that last for several minutes. The attack ends with a temporary loss of consciousness. Sometimes a pregnant woman suddenly, without any convulsions, falls into a coma.
Causes and symptoms of preeclampsia during pregnancy
Despite ongoing research and analysis, doctors have not yet been able to accurately determine the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. Researchers of pathologies in pregnant women disagree about the causes of late toxicosis. Several possible causes of the development of the disease are reliably known, which include:
- Pathology of the heart, blood vessels, brain.
- Diseases of internal organs - liver, kidneys, endocrine organs, biliary tract.
- Smoking, drug addiction, alcohol abuse - especially when carrying a child.
- Allergy.
The disease occurs more often in the following categories of women:
- Under 20 and over 35 years old.
- Suffer from kidney ailments.
- WITH overweight, with high pressure.
- Pregnant twins.
- Pregnant for the first time.
- With poor heredity (mother or grandmother suffered from late toxicosis during pregnancy).
Symptoms of early gestosis include:
- profuse salivation;
- bouts of vomiting;
- bouts of nausea;
- dizziness;
Symptoms of late gestosis include:
- Edema causing weight gain. When gaining weight more than 12 kg, you should pay attention to this fact. If edema accompanies pregnancy, you should find out their cause. It is possible to reliably determine the disease by the totality of all signs.
- High blood pressure. Due to the lack of fluid in the circulatory system, the pressure rises to a value of 140 over 90 and above. In some girls, high blood pressure is accompanied by headaches, bouts of dizziness and nausea. For others, it doesn't show up at all. In combination with swelling, increased pressure indicates preeclampsia.
- Protein in urine. As the disease develops, the protein begins to be excreted in the urine: the walls of the vessels located in the kidneys begin to leak blood components. The more protein is contained in the blood, the more serious the manifestations of preeclampsia will be. A routine urine test allows you to identify the protein.
What is dangerous and how to treat gestosis - 1 and 2 degrees
A disease such as preeclampsia is dangerous for both the mother and the fetus. The disease causes a whole range of complications and diseases of many internal organs: liver, kidneys, lungs. Of particular danger is a violation of blood circulation and an increase in blood pressure - this is fraught with the appearance of microthrombi in the vessels.
Blockage of blood vessels causes hemorrhage, due to swelling of the brain, interruptions in the activity of many internal organs are possible - kidneys, liver, heart, there is a danger of falling into a coma. Such an outwardly harmless symptom as an attack of vomiting is dangerous. Vomiting is the cause of dehydration. Lack of fluid leads to placental abruption. Also, the lack of fluid causes fetal asphyxia.
According to statistics, mild and moderate degrees of the disease in every tenth case are considered the causes of premature birth. If there is a severe degree of the disease, the probability of premature birth is already 20%. The last stage of the disease, eclampsia, is the cause of premature birth in every third case of preeclampsia. It is known that hypoxia is observed during eclampsia, as a result, every third fetus dies. Many children whose mothers suffered from preeclampsia in the last stage grow up sickly and weakened, they often experience developmental delay.
Eclampsia is also dangerous for the mother. Therefore, sometimes doctors resort to urgent delivery - this is the only way to save the life of the child and mother. If a woman has mild to moderate edema, treatment takes place in the pathology department. If pregnancy is accompanied by severe edema and symptoms of preeclampsia are observed, treatment is carried out in the intensive care unit.
To replenish fluid in the body, doctors prescribe infusion treatment - by means of droppers, some symptoms of gestosis are eliminated. In addition, doctors take the following measures - the removal of fluid accumulated in the tissues. It is also necessary to urgently replenish protein reserves in the body and take measures to reduce pressure.
If in three days it is not possible to improve the patient's condition, it is necessary to terminate the pregnancy by artificial delivery - caesarean section. If the patient cannot be removed from the state of preeclampsia within three hours, doctors also consider it necessary to perform a caesarean section.
How to prevent the disease - methods of prevention
A common cause of preeclampsia is a hereditary predisposition, other fatal factors. Therefore, it is often impossible to prevent the disease, although there are effective preventive measures that can alleviate the course of the disease. These measures must be observed from the first months of pregnancy - at 38 weeks they are already useless, at such a late date you need to prepare for childbirth. What to do to reduce the manifestation of late gestosis?
- Watch your own weight both before and during pregnancy. Control weight gain, if kilograms are rapidly gaining, immediately adjust the diet. The alarm should be sounded if weight gain during pregnancy is more than 0.5 kg per week. The allowable rate is no more than 0.3 kg per week. The maximum weight gain by the end of the 38th week of pregnancy is 12 kg.
- Limit the intake of salinity, fatty, starchy foods, water. Instead of fatty meat, eat its dietary varieties, instead of starchy, sweet, eat more fruits and vegetables that contain fiber.
- Even during pregnancy, try to make time for moderate yoga, Pilates, swimming. Alternate standing and lying exercises to avoid squeezing the bladder and ureter.
- Walk outdoors.
- Do breathing exercises.
- Observe the regime of the day, sleep should last at least 8 hours.
- As a preventive measure, use decoctions of wild rose, bearberry, and other tinctures that help reduce swelling.
Preeclampsia during pregnancy: reviews
Lena, 29 years old: At the 20th week of pregnancy, during an examination in the LCD, it was found that I had gained 10 kilograms. A week before the birth, at the 40th week of pregnancy, she felt a slight dizziness, nausea, convulsions suddenly began - it was preeclampsia. The doctors took measures, lowered the pressure, which jumped to 190 to 120. They put droppers, took medicine. Girls, late toxicosis is a dangerous disease, be sure to seek medical help.
Anna, 25 years old: I was diagnosed with gestosis unexpectedly - at the 38th week of pregnancy. After reading the forum, I was very scared that I would have to have an abortion. But my mother told me not to read the forums, but to start treatment. I was sent to the hospital. There they explained to me that there can be no abortion, but only as a last resort, a caesarean. If you have been diagnosed with mild preeclampsia, you do not need to worry, just obey the doctors, and everything will be fine!
Ira, 32 years old: Around the 22nd week of pregnancy, I began to feel numbness in my toes. After 3 weeks, at the reception in the LC, it was found that, in addition to edema, I had high blood pressure up to 140/100, I was urgently sent for treatment to a hospital. She spent two weeks in the hospital for treatment. The pressure returned to normal, I went on the mend. Until the baby's birthday, she monitored her weight, ate right, and drank water in moderation. The baby was born by himself, without caesarean section, completely healthy.
Video: preeclampsia in the second half of pregnancy
Preeclampsia is a dangerous disease, especially its late form. In order for the gestation to end safely, pay attention to signs of malaise. At the slightest suspicion of late toxicosis, be sure to consult a doctor, otherwise there is a risk of harm to health. You can learn more about such a dangerous disease as preeclampsia by watching a video on the topic.
is a disease that occurs after 28 weeks (in the third trimester of pregnancy). The causes of preeclampsia have not yet been fully established, but it is well known that under the influence of toxins, the permeability of the kidney vessels increases and their work is disrupted, resulting in edema, proteinuria and increased blood pressure.
What is mild preeclampsia?
If preeclampsia of the 1st degree develops during pregnancy (), then the pressure rises no higher than 150/90 mm Hg, protein in the urine is not more than 1 g / l, and swelling is only on the legs. At the same time, the general well-being of the pregnant woman is slightly disturbed. It is possible to detect preeclampsia of the 1st degree only with the help of urinalysis, measurement of blood pressure and weight gain (no more than 500 g per week).
Prevention of preeclampsia of the first degree
To prevent edema, it is necessary to limit the amount of fluid in the second half of pregnancy to 1.5 liters per day. Often the fetus compresses the ureters, especially the right one, disrupting the outflow of urine and causing a malfunction of the kidneys, therefore, for any back pain or changes in the urinalysis, it is recommended 
Ultrasound of the kidneys of a woman for the timely diagnosis and treatment of hydronephrosis. The general prevention of preeclampsia includes a complete fortified diet, daily exposure to fresh air, exercise for pregnant women, good rest.
Treatment of mild preeclampsia
Mild preeclampsia during pregnancy is treated on an outpatient or inpatient basis for up to 2 weeks. In the complex of treatment, magnesium preparations, drugs that improve kidney function, vitamins, hepatoprotectors, drugs that reduce blood clotting are used. But if a woman is diagnosed with preeclampsia of the first degree, it is necessary to be regularly examined by a gynecologist in order to prevent the transition of the disease into a more severe form.
Any woman who has given birth is familiar with some of the features of the course of pregnancy and the main stages of monitoring her: regular visits to a medical institution, testing, ultrasound studies, weighing. Some are surprised by the need to control weight. Like, why should medical professionals take care of the future figure of a pregnant woman? Any diagnostic procedure makes sense and is conditioned by something.
By how many kilograms should a woman's weight increase during pregnancy? Many will correctly answer the question - about 10 kg. And if - by 20-25? Such an increase "talks" about hidden (and not only) edema. And edema is gestosis. For women, this disease is more commonly known as late toxicosis.
Edema is one of the diagnostic signs of preeclampsia, but the pathology is not limited to them. Preeclampsia is easier in healthy women. In this case, it is called "pure". This type of disease occurs in 30% of pregnant women. If it develops against the background of already existing diseases (hypertension, diabetes, gastrointestinal ailments, kidney diseases), then in this case they speak of "combined" preeclampsia. It is clear that the latter form is more difficult.
The first bells about a possible gestosis
This pathology applies only to pregnant women - after childbirth, gestosis disappears. However, preeclampsia is classified as a dangerous disease. His cunning is in complications. A quarter of female deaths during pregnancy is due to preeclampsia. 3-4 times more often than in uncomplicated pregnancy, the fetus dies.
The main cause of preeclampsia is a violation of the regulation of blood vessels, resulting in their spasm. Microvessels are mainly affected.
As for the pathogenesis of preeclampsia: many scientists see its connection with immune factors. Fetal antigens affect the production of antibodies by the mother. In turn, antibodies cause the formation of an excess of immune complexes that have a negative effect on the body of a pregnant woman.
How does gestosis manifest itself?
Often the disease is called OPG-gestosis. OPG - the first letters of the terms: edema, proteinuria, . These are the main signs of pathology. The whole complex is not always noted. Mild preeclampsia may occur with one or two of the listed symptoms.
OPG-complex of symptoms
Edema is more common in pregnant women. A woman consumes a lot of liquid, which cannot completely leave the body and lingers in the interstitial space. Only the lower limbs can swell, but in more severe forms, the whole body. Edema is not always noticeable. Sometimes it is a hidden form. It is found by weighing. A weight gain of more than 0.5 kg per week indicates an incipient problem. Assigned control over the fluid consumed and the amount of urine excreted. If less than 0.8 liters of urine is excreted during a normal drinking regimen, preeclampsia can be suspected.
Against the background of fluid retention, hypertension develops. Pressure control occurs at each visit to the doctor. The pressure during preeclampsia exceeds the norm by 15–20%. What pressure is considered normal? Usually it's 120/80. However, if a woman was noted at the beginning of pregnancy, then even the generally accepted norm for her may already be a signal for further examination.
Proteinuria refers to the excretion of protein in the urine. This symptom indicates a violation of renal activity. Therefore, it is important not to skip such a diagnostic procedure as a urine test. After the 20th week of pregnancy, urine is examined weekly.
If a woman has two of the three signs of this disease, then home treatment is ineffective - it is better to hospitalize the patient.
Other symptoms include headache, vomiting, nausea, and heaviness in the head. In the most difficult cases - a change in consciousness and convulsions.
The manifestation of pathology in pregnant women is more likely:
- Expecting firstborn;
- Having infections of the genital tract: chlamydia, mycoplasmosis, ureaplasmosis;
- Suffering from chronic diseases: hypertension, diabetes, kidney disease, overweight and others;
- Expecting twins.
Classification of gestosis
One of the classifications of pathology is divided into types:
- Early preeclampsia;
- Late gestosis.
The disease is more severe at the end of pregnancy.
Depending on the signs and form, the disease can be divided into the following degrees of severity:
1 degree
Preeclampsia of the 1st degree includes dropsy of pregnant women. This stage is characterized only by edema of varying severity. Usually in the morning they are less pronounced, and by the evening the condition worsens.
2 degree
With grade 2 preeclampsia, all three symptoms of OPG are noted. Diastolic blood pressure is the most important in diagnosing hypertension. The fact is that it is directly related to placental blood flow: the greater the diastolic pressure, the less baby receives oxygen. It is noteworthy that an increase in pressure is not so much dangerous as its spasmodic changes. This stage is especially difficult in pregnant women with concomitant diseases.
Complications develop:
- Detachment of the placenta;
- bleeding;
- premature birth.
The main danger - with complicated gestosis, the fetus is in danger of death.
Nephropathy is diagnosed simply - by urinalysis. In case of trouble, it is important to control the condition of the fundus. Changes may indicate.
3 degree, preeclampsia
When the condition worsens, the 3rd stage of gestosis develops. Pain and heaviness in the head indicate the onset of preeclampsia. Perhaps blurred vision, vomiting, pain in the liver. Memory deterioration, apathy, insomnia, irritability and other signs of changes in blood circulation in the brain are not excluded. Edema has a damaging effect on the liver, as evidenced by pain on the right. There are even hemorrhages in this organ. "Flies", "veil" before the eyes may indicate problems with the retina.
The main signs of preeclampsia:
- The amount of urine decreases to 0.4 liters or less;
- Pressure - 160/110 and more;
- Protein in the urine;
- blood clotting disorder;
- Changes in the functioning of the liver;
- Nausea, vomiting;
- Symptoms of brain and visual disorders.
Eclampsia
An even more severe degree of preeclampsia is eclampsia. Convulsions are added to all of the above signs. Usually attacks are caused by external stimuli: loud sound, bright light, stress, pain. The attack does not last long - about 2 minutes. The danger of this condition is in cerebral edema, death. Despite the similarity of gestotic seizures and seizures of epilepsy, they have a number of differences. In epilepsy, urine tests are normal, there is no hypertension, and a characteristic epileptic aura is noted before the seizure.
HELLP syndrome
One of the dangerous forms is called the HELLP syndrome. Its signs include hematemesis, jaundice, severe coma, liver failure. Usually observed in women who give birth frequently. May occur even after childbirth(unlike other forms of gestosis). About 80% of women and the same number of unborn children die with this type of pathology.
The most rare forms of gestosis include:
- eczema;
- Dermatoses;
- Bronchial asthma;
- Itching of pregnancy.
Some researchers suggest that all these forms are exacerbations of already existing diseases of a woman.
With different frequency, pregnant women may suffer from other types of gestosis:
- Osteomalacia. Otherwise - softening of the bones. The pronounced form is rare. More often it manifests itself in the destruction of teeth, pain in the bones, changes in gait, neuralgia. The reason for this condition lies in the lack of trace elements - especially calcium - and vitamins.
- Ptyalism (drooling). It is often accompanied by vomiting. With excessive formation of saliva, the body is dehydrated, speech is disturbed, skin and mucous membranes are irritated.
- Hepatosis. Accompanied by jaundice. It is necessary to differentiate with hepatitis. Therefore, a thorough diagnosis is carried out, and the woman is temporarily isolated from others.
- Atrophy of the liver. If such a complication occurs with early gestosis and is not treatable, then the pregnancy is recommended to be interrupted.
- HELLP-syndrome is considered to be a really rare form. Still, for most women, pregnancy ends safely - the birth of a healthy baby.
Complications of preeclampsia
Mild preeclampsia can be almost imperceptible. Why be examined, and even more so hospitalized, if you feel good and nothing hurts! But I would like to emphasize that the main danger of the disease in its consequences, such as:
- pulmonary edema;
- Hemorrhage;
- Pathology of the cardiovascular system;
- Placental abruption;
- kidney disease;
- Delay in the development of the child;
- HELLP syndrome;
- early birth;
- Liver disease;
- Fetal hypoxia;
- swelling of the brain;
- Problems with the retina;
- Stroke;
- The death of a child;
- Death of a pregnant woman.
Important! The development of formidable stages of preeclampsia and their consequences can be prevented by timely diagnosis and properly prescribed treatment.
Diagnostics
Every woman undergoes a regular medical examination during pregnancy; if alarming symptoms appear, such an examination is carried out unscheduled, diagnostic procedures are added.
TO necessary research relate:
- Weighing. In the second part of pregnancy, weight gain should not exceed 350 g per week. If a woman has gained half a kilogram or more, then additional examinations should be carried out.
- The need to control fluid intake. For pregnant women, the rule "2 liters or more of water per day" is not suitable. And with the appearance of pronounced edema, its amount should not be more than 1 liter. It is also necessary to control the amount of urine excreted.
- Carrying out a blood test. The number of platelets and erythrocytes is determined. Particularly important is the indicator of platelet count and coagulability. In addition to the general biochemical analysis,.
- Blood pressure control, and on each arm. The presence of gestosis can be indicated by a large difference in the indicators on the left and right hand.
- Analysis of urine. It is necessary to control the presence of protein in the urine.
- Fetal ultrasound c. With the help of this study, the degree of fetal development, malnutrition is revealed.
- Dentist's examination.
- Fundus examination. If the vessels of the fundus are changed, then this may indicate problems with the vessels of the brain.
A woman should not ignore medical examinations. This is especially true for mature mothers (after 35 years) and those who give birth to their first child. Also, pregnant women with chronic and infectious diseases should be attentive to their health.
Successful diagnosis is the key to a well-planned treatment strategy.
Important! Not a single symptom should escape the sight of a pregnant woman. She should immediately report her suspicions to her doctor.
How to treat gestosis?
Let's just say that it is impossible to completely cure gestosis. It goes away with pregnancy. However, it is possible to prevent its development into more severe forms.
The main directions of treatment:
- It is necessary to create a medical and protective regime. A woman should avoid strong emotional stress, be calm and balanced. Harmful bright light, noise, heavy physical exertion that does not correspond to her condition. If preeclampsia is mild, then drugs such as motherwort, valerian are prescribed, and in more severe forms, they resort to an individual selection of sedative drugs, taking into account pregnancy.
- To restore the function of the body of a pregnant woman, as well as to prevent fetal hypoxia, appropriate medications are prescribed. These are drugs that have a sedative, hypotensive, antispasmodic, diuretic effect. Such drugs should improve placental blood flow, preventing fetal hypoxia. With exacerbation of existing chronic diseases, appropriate treatment is prescribed to relieve symptoms.
- The birth canal must be prepared so that delivery during preeclampsia is carried out in a timely and careful manner. The timing of childbirth is determined by the condition of the pregnant woman. For example, a severe form of preeclampsia involves delivery no later than three days from the deterioration. If eclampsia develops, delivery should be immediate. The safest for the health of the baby are childbirth at 38 weeks of gestation and later, since by this time all the vital systems of the fetus have time to form. Give birth naturally or use the method of "caesarean section"? The choice depends on the condition of the fetus and the birth canal of the pregnant woman. In severe preeclampsia, when urgent delivery is necessary, a caesarean section is performed. If childbirth occurs naturally, anesthesia is recommended. And not so much for pain relief, but to improve placental and renal circulation, as well as a slight decrease in pressure. In the case of mild preeclampsia, treatment is prescribed, and childbirth takes place on time in a natural way.
With moderate and mild forms of preeclampsia, women are recommended hospitalization in a hospital. Severe gestosis may require resuscitation. The main research procedures that are carried out in the hospital:
- Carrying out a general analysis of urine, as well as samples according to Zimnitsky.
- Study of the condition of the unborn child (Doppler, ultrasound, cardiotocography).
- Coagulogram and other blood tests.
As a treatment, infusion therapy is used, the task of which is to remove tissue fluid, as well as to replenish its deficiency in the vessels. With hypertension, an individual selection of drugs is carried out.
Treatment lasts from several hours to several weeks. It all depends on the severity of the condition. The more dangerous it is, the less time a woman has. Delivery is the main outcome of any treatment. Therefore, in the most severe cases, an immediate caesarean section is performed.
Principles of prevention of hexosis
The main task of the patient and medical workers consists in the timely detection of the disease and the beginning early treatment. Therefore, it is difficult to avoid preeclampsia without active prevention.
Avoid obesity. During pregnancy, women sometimes gain a lot of weight. Why is this happening? There are many reasons. First, an increase in appetite can cause hormonal changes. Secondly, a woman begins to allow herself to eat everything, arguing that the figure is already deteriorating, it will not get worse. Thirdly, some women are sure that they need to eat for two. If she eats as before, the child will not get many nutrients. Unfortunately, the effect of such eating behavior is sad - obesity and preeclampsia.
The diet for gestosis is very simple. The fetus needs protein (the cells of the body of the unborn child will be built from it), which means that dairy products, lean meat, eggs, and fish should be in the diet of a pregnant woman. An increased content of protein in food is also necessary because it migrates from the body.
You need vitamins, minerals, fiber. And most of them are found in fruits and vegetables. Fiber is especially important: with a minimum of calories, it perfectly satisfies hunger. For the gastrointestinal tract, such a diet is also favorable - there will be no constipation and complications in the form that often bother pregnant women. It is good to forget about the existence of flour and sweet. In addition to excess weight, they will not give anything to either the mother or the child.
The maximum weight gain for the entire pregnancy should be no more than 12 kg. Women with an initial deficiency of body weight can recover a little more. Conversely, chubby moms are allowed to gain a maximum of 10 kg.
Proper drinking is very important. Despite the threat of edema, you should not severely restrict yourself in the water. It is recommended to consume from 1 to 1.5 liters of fluid per day, this also includes fruits, soups and other foods. But it is impossible to retain this water with salt. No matter how much a pregnant woman wants to eat a pickled cucumber or a piece of herring, this is not necessary. To remove excess fluid, as well as improve renal circulation, it is useful to drink a decoction of bearberry, rosehip, cranberry juice, kidney tea (by agreement with the doctor!). For the same purposes, the doctor can prescribe special medicines: cystone, kanefron, etc.
And one more, and perhaps the most important principle of prevention - mobile lifestyle. Pregnancy is not a disease. Therefore, a pregnant woman, like any other woman, should walk, swim, do yoga for pregnant women, Pilates, and do not forget about special gymnastics. The main thing is not to overdo it. It is necessary to listen to your condition and, at the slightest suspicion of its deterioration, stop the exercises. For your peace of mind, it is better to consult a doctor once again. Physical activity should not harm a woman and her unborn child. The doctor may recommend special exercises helping to get rid of certain manifestations of pathology.
Undiagnosed and untreated preeclampsia is dangerous. Only an attentive attitude to oneself will allow a woman to give birth healthy child and save your own health.
Video: preeclampsia in the cycle “Pregnancy week by week”
